http://www.financeasia.com/articles/7D0AF1BB-7F31-4816-B9377B41FAB606C6.cfmsnip>
The increasingly unilateralist foreign policy of the Bush administration was the primary factor driving global geopolitical risk higher. Unilateralism has defined U.S. positions on issues ranging from trade to the global environment.
However, the most profound and damaging expression of unilateralism has been through the pursuit of the war on terrorism. The invasion and occupation of Iraq explicitly contravened the United Nations and abrogated international law.
This severely damaged U.S. foreign relations with many countries, most notably France, Germany and Russia. In addition, the war on terrorism has also inflamed tensions between Israelis and Palestinians, and increased instability on the Korean peninsula.
Lastly, the war on terrorism has not subdued global terrorism. Terrorist strikes have become more frequent. The U.S. presidential election will be fundamental to pushing global geopolitical instability higher in 2004. Continued hardening of unilateralism, driven by electoral politics, will further strain US foreign relations and intensify instability in the Middle East and the Korean peninsula.
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Last year the strong dollar policy advocated by the US Treasury since the mid-1990s was subtlely abandoned. It is generally assumed that dollar policy was changed in order to improve the competitiveness of US exports, spurring growth of manufacturing jobs.
It is more probable that dollar policy was changed, with heavy influence from the Federal Reserve, in order to counter building deflationary pressure in the US economy. According to the advance estimate of gross domestic product released by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis on January 30, deflation of durable goods prices accelerated to -3.7 percent in 2003 from -2.9 percent in 2002.
Durable goods purchases accounted for 20 percent of total US gross domestic product in 2003. In addition, deflation remained stubborn in non-residential fixed investment prices. This investment accounted for a further nine percent of US gross domestic product last year.
To counter deflationary pressure, the US Treasury, at the behest of the Federal Reserve, will continue earnestly exporting US deflation, via dollar depreciation, to the rest of the world in 2004.
In addition to abandonment of the strong dollar policy, the economic threat posed by the staggering twin US deficits are likely to push the value of the dollar lower in 2004. Last year, the US current account deficit was estimated to have reached a record 5.1 percent of GDP while the US general government deficit, which includes both the federal and state governments, was likely to have approached six percent of GDP.
This year, weaker US economic growth will ease the current account deficit toward four percent of GDP. However, very loose fiscal policy will push the general government deficit toward seven percent of GDP. The era of massive twin deficits in the US has returned.
The last such episode, which occurred in the mid-1980s, heralded a 30 percent decline in the real effective exchange rate of the dollar. By comparison, the real effective exchange rate of the dollar has depreciated by less than 10 percent over the past 18 months.
Nearly $1 trillion of foreign capital is funding the US public sector and current account deficits. About $800 billion of this foreign money is invested in US government, agency and corporate bonds. The size of these deficits and the nature of their funding make the dollar very vulnerable to depreciation, and long-term interest rates exposed to upward pressure.
Higher long-term interest rates will strongly undermine the growth of credit that has been crucial to US personal consumption expenditure and overall economic growth in the past two years. Assuming that dollar depreciation remains controlled, the dollar/euro exchange rate should exceed 1.40 by the end of 2004.
The yen/dollar exchange rate should reach about 98 by the end of 2004. The weight of foreign investment in the US financing the large twin deficits indicates that the risk of much greater dollar weakness is substantial. Expected dollar depreciation, the large current account and fiscal deficits and increasing geopolitical instability, driven by US electoral politics, make the dollar a very unlikely safe haven for global investors. Foreign capital flight from the US could easily trigger a large dollar devaluation.