Experts believe a simple blood test could spot diabetes up to 10 years before the first symptoms of the disease occur.
By looking at levels of five amino acids in the blood US researchers were able to correctly identify people who went on to develop type 2 diabetes.
Ultimately the Harvard team hope a test like this could be used to screen for type 2 diabetes, Nature Medicine says.
Early detection can help prevent related complications like blindness.
Risk prediction
Dr Victoria King, head of research at Diabetes UK, said: "Early diagnosis and effective management of type 2 diabetes are crucial in reducing the risk of developing diabetes complications, such as heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness and amputation.
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