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Speaking as a 7th-day observing, Passover-and-Pentecost-keeping, (former) Xian who avoids pork and Xmas with equal alacrity and thinks of "the trinity" as equal portions of green pepper, onion, and celery, there's a lot of distance between Catholicism or even most Protestant sects and what I believed. If I got aggravated--even mildly--when I hear some mainstream or fundie speak for all Xians I'd be perpetually ranting. (Oh. Maybe that's the problem.) It does bring home the diversity that "Xianity" has to cover and the sheer variety of differing and mutually antagonistic views of Jesus that exist.
The easy difference between fundies and "mainies" is the degree to which they claim to stick to the Bible and only the Bible for doctrine. Take the 3 legs of Episcopal though--Bible, tradition, and inspiration (that's not quite right, but close enough) versus the "sola biblia" stance of most fundamentalists. The fundies differ not in absolute terms but in degree. Sometimes quantitative differences are viewed as qualitative and we ignore nuance: Fundies believe in Biblical inerrancy and literalness and mainies don't. This kind of privative opposition is fine since the fundies are typically newer congregations set up in opposition to the mainies.
That doesn't explain the attitudes, the difference in "feel" between them. It's this: In fundie congregations more of the people are there because of doctrine. A lot of them have thought out their doctrines and picked and chosen which church to join. Alternatively, they've been in the church and firmly feel that their church's doctrines are right and really both distinct from other sects' and important for salvation. The attitude is "this is right for me, and everybody else will come along before they die or burn in hell" (okay, my church didn't teach that, either). These are the partisan Xians. Often membership doesn't matter all that much. The more fundie, the more "church size isn't important" is heard. "Righteousness" and avoiding sin, two sides of the same coin, is important. Having the right set of beliefs is important in this, so it gives them a leg up. In this, they're vaguely gnostic, saved by knowledge and not grace or works. (Said mostly to toast their knickers.)
I'll ignore the entire prophecy-lunacy nonsense as nonsense. It's mostly, but not entirely, a fundie trait, but doesn't touch upon doctrine but tangentially.
In mainstream churches you get more people that are there for the socializing. They might be at another church, but perhaps they like the minister, it's more convenient where they are, or they like stuff that's not really "doctrine" sensu stricto. For example, no church has "disregard the poor" as a mission statement; but some churches act on helping the poor more than others. The churches are often less exclusive--"this is right for me, but maybe not for you." Often that's because they're big and established and don't have to fight. Often it's because they have had schisms and didn't like them, or have a need to maintain membership. You get worries about church size more often. You hear less about sin and more about love and mercy. The "law" is often just "loving your neighbor, whatever you think 'love' means" and they're otherwise antinomian.
Now, in the fundie churches you get mainstream-type people, the live-and-let-live crowd. Just much less often than in mainstream churches. In the mainstream churches you can get die-hard Bible-studiers and doctrine-aficionados--fairly infrequently. If you get fundies and mainies together you get frustration on the side of the fundie and confusion on the side of the "mainie": What's crucial to one is fairly trivially to the other. Apollo and Dionysus, fire and ice, in many respects.
They have trouble reconciling love and righteousness, and prefer to split the baby rather than keep it whole (so to speak), and so seem to lack a common language and framework. Consequently they typically condemn each other rather harshly in terms that the other don't see as applying in the slightest. There's a lot of that going around.
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