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If you read The Silmarillion, written by Tolkein and representing the history of Middle Earth from before the beginning of time through the end of the Second Age of the Sun, you will learn that there are two "grades" of divine beings in Arda, the material world: the Valar and the Maiar. The Valar are greater powers, similar to gods but still servants of Eru, the One. They are aided by the Maiar, beings of the same nature as the Valar but of a lower order.
The history of Arda is dominated by the struggle between the Valar and Melkor, "He Who Arises in Might," also known as Morgoth, the Dark Enemy. Despite being a Vala himself, Morgoth was destroyed at the end of the First Age. His chief servant, a Maia named Sauron, was at first imprisoned; he gained the trust of his captors, however, and taught them the forging of magic rings. Sauron was overthrown at the end of the Second Age.
Around the year 1050 of the Third Age, Greenwood the Great fell under dark forces and transformed into what would later be called the Mirkwood. Fearing this to be the work of Sauron returned, the Valar send five Maiar into Middle Earth to prepare for war. These were the Istari, the Wise: Saruman, Gandalf, Radagast, Alatar and Pallando (the last two names appear in notes left by Tolkein, but because they were sent to more distant lands, they never appear in the LotR canon. However, Unfinished Tales indicates that they had their own vital roles to play in the defeat of Sauron at the end of the Third Age.) Each of the Wizards took a different path in preparing for war: Saruman studied Sauron directly (which is how he became ensared), Gandalf studied ways to resist Sauron's power (his tracing of the One Ring led him to discover the Shire and, oddly enough, the whereabouts of the One Ring itself), Radagast studied the fall of Greenwood and the corruption of its beasts, and Alatar and Pallando pursued and worked to heal the trail of evil Sauron left as he recovered his strength.
Again, the wizards only looked like Men; they were in fact Maiar, angelic beings with angelic natures, wisdom and power. They were given one very strict limit, however: they may not ever use their power to dominate the creatures of Middle Earth. Saruman broke this directive, which is why (in the books) his spirit is denied return to the Far West and is dissipated over the land. Gandalf was very sparing of his direct use of magic because it could easily lead him into the "sin" of dominating others.
As for him denying the One Ring, the scene in the book with Tom Bombadil explains why this was so (I never understood why Tom keeps getting cut from the films: his presence is vital exposition.) If you remember, Tom asks Frodo for the Ring, who reluctantly gives it over. Tom puts it on... and does not vanish. In the dialog that follows, we find out that the Ring works on the desires and wants of is posessor, eventually corrupting them into evil. Tom has everything his heart desires, so the Ring has absolutely no effect on him. Hobbits are, in general, a very contented and satisfied race, which is why Hobbits have proven so resistant to the Ring's influence. This is why Gandalf dares not even touch the ring: he would want to do good, but the Ring would eventually turn him into a new Sauron. (We learn elsewhere that this knowledge is what led him to the Shire in the first place many years before.) This is also why Elrond and Galadriel turned down the Ring when it was offered to them.
And you forgot one thing: Gandalf died when he fought the Balrog. Not even the Valar could send him back: he was returned only by the direct intervention of Eru. He was, quite literally, a Christ figure.
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