|
For some unexplained reason my working model is no longer online at its original source, so let's paste the following story back. At least it'll show that the story can be sourced... Operation 40On 11th December (1959), Colonel J. C. King, chief of CIA's Western Hemisphere Division, sent a confidential memorandum to Allen W. Dulles, the director of the Central Intelligence Agency. King argued that in Cuba there existed a "far-left dictatorship, which if allowed to remain will encourage similar actions against U.S. holdings in other Latin American countries." As a result of this memorandum Dulles established Operation 40. It obtained this name because originally there were 40 agents involved in the operation. Later this was expanded to 70 agents. The group was presided over by Richard Nixon. Tracy Barnes became operating officer of what was also called the Cuban Task Force. The first meeting chaired by Barnes took place in his office on 18th January, 1960, and was attended by David Atlee Phillips, E. Howard Hunt, Jack Esterline, and Frank Bender. On 4th March, 1960, La Coubre, a ship flying a Belgian flag, exploded in Havana Bay. (See also: U.S.S. Maine) It was loaded with arms and ammunition that had been sent to help defend Cuba's revolution from its enemies. The explosion killed 75 people and over 200 were injured. Fabian Escalante, an officer of the Department of State Security (G-2), later claimed that this was the first successful act carried out by Operation 40. (1) Bay of PigsOn March 17, 1960, President Dwight Eisenhower agreed to start a program to overthrow the Cuban Government. Run by the CIA, this program would train, arm, and recruit Cuban exiles to participate in an invasion of Cuba. (2) The planning was performed under the direction of Allen W. Dulles, and his deputy, Richard Bissell, with the knowledge and approval of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. John F. Kennedy agreed, for security reasons, that the fewer new faces in the government brought into the discussions, the better kept the secret would be. (3) The Cuban-exiles later known as Brigade 2506 were first training in JM WAVE, Florida. The CIA decided that it was important to get foreign bases out of sight of the US public opinion. Guatemala where a puppet regime was installed after the 1954 CIA organized coup, popped up on the maps quickly.(4) , For several months the brigade of 1400 anti-Castro Cubans was trained in La Democracia, Huehuetenango, a plantation in Guatemala donated by Roberto Alejos (5). The base codenamed JM-TRAX was intended to train 20 radio operators. Later facilities for 1400 trainees were built and a $1,8 million airfield was established for the supplies send from Opa-Locka in Florida. The government of Guatemala however was getting worried about some many armed foreigners in its country and asked for the Cubans to be removed by the end of April. The story also leaked to the New York Times which reported on April 7, 1961 that 5,000 to 6,000 men were recruited to liberate Cuba and that their training was done in Florida (JM WAVE), Louisiana (??) and Guatemala was almost complete. CIA liaison officer L. Fletcher Prouty delivered three ships to a CIA agent named George H.W. Bush. (6). The boats used in the invasion were named Río Escondido, Houston and Barbara. (7). The operation was code-named "Operation Zapata". The brigade was moved to embarkation point at Puerto Cabeza, Nicaragua. (8) Some people have referred to the operation as Operation Pluto, however the Cubans and the CIA never used that name (9) and the operation was known as Zapata (10). On April 17, 1961, the invasion was carried by 1500 Cuban exiles known as Brigade 2506. The intent of the attack was to take a beachhead at Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs), establish a government, and gain U.S. recognition. As the invaders began to leave their boats, the Cuban air force attacked. They sunk the Houston and the Río Escondido, cutting off supplies for the invaders. Kennedy was asked for permission to use the U.S. Air Force to destroy the Cuban army's planes. Kennedy only permitted them to give cover to planes flown by exiles, which arrived before the U.S. navy planes, and were consequently shot down. Exact details on the number of dead and captured differ. According to the Museum of Playa Girón, 1,197 exiles were captured. (11) Operation Zapata was a failure and became known as the "Bay of Pigs" invasion. After the Bay of Pigs failureShortly after President John F. Kennedy established a commission to investigate the failure and to consider whether the United States should conduct similar covert operations in the future. The commission - chaired by General Maxwell Taylor, Robert Kennedy, Admiral Arleigh Burke and DCI Allen Dulles - produced a highly critical report one of the conclusions was that "the impossibility of running Zapata as a covert operation under CIA should have been recognized" as early as November 1960, five months before the invasion.(12) After the Bay of Pigs Kennedy met with Douglas MacArthur. According to Theodore Sorenson, MacArthur told Kennedy, "The chickens are coming home to roost, and you happen to have just moved into the chicken house." (13). At the same meeting MacArthur "warned against the committment of American foot soldiers on the Asian mainland, and the President never forgot this advice." (14) The Bays of Pigs also produced an entire new Cuban cadre of CIA operators like E. Howard Hunt, Bernard Barker, Luis Posada Carriles, Frank Sturgis, Rolando Martinez, Chi Chi Quintero and Felix Rodriguez whose names in the next decades would pop over and over again in the most dangerous American foreign policy crises. (15) And they were not pleased. E. Howard Hunt includes the following tirade about the Bay of Pigs: (16) No event since the communization of China in 1949 has had such a profound effect on the United States and its allies as the defeat of the US-trained Cuban invasion brigade at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961. Out of that humiliation grew the Berlin Wall, the missile crisis, guerrilla warfare throughout Latin American and Africa, and our Dominican Republic intervention. Castro's beachhead triumph opened a bottomless Pandora's box of difficulties that affected not only the United States, but most of its allies in the Free World. These bloody and subversive events would not have taken place had Castro been toppled. Instead of standing firm, our government pyramided crucially wrong decisions and allowed Brigade 2506 to be destroyed. The Kennedy administration yielded Castro all the excuse he needed to gain a tighter grip on the island of Jose Marti, then moved shamefacedly into the shadows and hoped the Cuban issue would simply melt away. (17) Operation MongooseThe Cuban-exiles and the CIA were not pleased that Fidel Castro was still in power and wanted to relaunch the Operation 40. Following the disastrous invasion at Cuba's Bay of Pigs, the Kennedy administration regrouped and initiated a massive new covert action program to trigger Fidel Castro's overthrow. Operation Mongoose, as the effort was called, was launched in late 1961 and placed under the command of Brig. Gen. Edward Lansdale, an Air Force officer. (18) In September 1960, Allen W. Dulles, the director of the CIA, initiated talks with two leading figures of the Mafia, Johnny Roselli and Sam Giancana. (19) The headquarters was JM WAVE in Miami - truly a state within a city - over, above, and outside the laws of the United States, with a staff of several hundred Americans directing many more Cuban agents in just such types of actions, with a budget in excess of $50 million (20) a year, and an arrangement with the local press to keep operations in Florida secret except when the CIA wanted something publicized. (21) (See also: Operation Mockingbird) In November 1961 William Harvey was ordered to activate an assassination plot against Fidel Castro. This became part of what became known as the ZR/RIFLE project. Harvey decided to transfer David Sanchez Morales from Mexico City to the JM WAVE station. Johnny Roselli was also recruited into the project. Roselli persuaded Santos Trafficante, the senior Mafia figure in Cuba, to join the conspiracy. Meyer Lansky also became involved in this plot and was reportedly offering a million-dollar reward for the Cuban leader's murder. Richard Cain, a specialist in electronics and wire taps, was also recruited by Roselli. Cain took part in a failed attempt in March 1961 to poison Castro. On 12th March, 1961, William Harvey arranged for Jim O'Connell, to meet Sam Giancana, Santo Trafficante, Johnny Roselli and Robert Maheu at the Fontainebleau Hotel. During the meeting O'Connell gave poison pills and $10,000 to Rosselli to be used against Fidel Castro. As Richard D. Mahoney points out: (22) "Late one evening, probably March 13, Rosselli passed the poison pills and the money to a small, reddish-haired Afro-Cuban by the name of Rafael "Macho" Gener in the Boom Boom Room, a location Giancana thought "stupid." Rosselli's purpose, however, was not just to assassinate Castro but to set up the Mafia's partner in crime, the United States government. Accordingly, he was laying a long, bright trail of evidence that unmistakably implicated the CIA in the Castro plot. This evidence, whose purpose was blackmail, would prove critical in the CIA's cover-up of the Kennedy assassination." (23) In 1962 Theodore Shackley was appointed by William Harvey as deputy chief of JM WAVE. In April, 1962, Shackley was involved in delivering supplies to Johnny Roselli as part of the plan to assassinate Fidel Castro. Later that year he became head of the station that served as operational headquarters for Operation Mongoose. He was also responsible for gathering intelligence and recruiting spies in Cuba. (24) The following plots were considered: Inject an untraceable poison, botulinum toxin, into selections of Castro's favorite brand of cigars and present the poisoned cigars to him
Compress the poison into pill form and dissolve it into a drink for Castro
Create a booby-trapped seashell that would explode if removed from the ocean floor by Castro, who was an avid diver
Devise a wet suit with a breathing apparatus infected with deadly germs and present it to Castro as a gift
Equip a fountain pen with a hidden needle capable of injecting a lethal toxin and persuade Castro to write with it
Assassinate him with a high-powered rifle with telescopic sights (25)
All plots of Operation Mongoose failed, but it implied that not only the CIA and the Cuban-exiles were frustrated, the Mafia had joined the ranks of displeased John F. Kennedy enemies.
Operation Northwoods
Operation Northwoods is a declassified operation to justify the invasion of Cuba. As a method of justification it discusses the use of staging terror like hijacking airplanes and then blaming Cuba for the terrorist attacks.
Possible scenarios included:
Hijack planes
Fake a Cuban airforce attack on a civilian jetliner
Shoot people in sniper attacks
Blow up a ship
Blow up John Glenn's space capsule
Attack military bases
Allen W. Dulles was fired from the CIA by Kennedy in 1961 over Operation Northwoods. Dulles was replaced by John McCone.
Aftermath of the Cuba operations
In order to run these operations from U.S. territory, flagrant and extensive violation of federal and state laws was the order of the day. Documents regarding the incorporation of businesses were falsified. Income tax returns were faked. FAA regulations were violated by planes taking off for Cuba or for forward bases in the Bahamas and elsewhere. Explosives moved across highways that were full of civilian traffic. The Munitions Act, the Neutrality Act, the customs and immigrations laws were routinely flaunted (26).
Above all, the drug laws were massively violated as the gallant anti-communist fighters filled their planes and boats with illegal narcotics to be smuggled back into the U.S. when they returned from their missions. By 1963, the drug-running activities of the covert operatives were beginning to attract attention. JM/WAVE, in sum, accelerated the slide of South Florida towards the status of drug and murder capital of the United States it achieved during the 1980's, when it became as notorious as Chicago during Prohibition.(27)
The failed Bay of Pigs Invasion and failed assassination plots utilizing CIA-recruited operatives from the Mafia and anti-Castro Cubans directly against Fidel Castro undermined the CIA's credibility, and pro-American, but unpopular regimes in Iran (See: Operation Ajax) and Guatemala (See: Operation PBSUCCESS) were widely regarded as brutal and corrupt.
Cuban Missile Crisis
In June of 1961 Kennedy attended a summit with Premier Khrushchev in Vienna to discuss cold war confrontations between the east and west, in particular the situation in Berlin. Khrushchev viewed Kennedy as a weak president. Later American missiles were based a mere 150 miles from the Soviet Union, in Turkey which had become a NATO allie. (28) Khrushchev applies pressure to Berlin and eventually builts the Berlin Wall.
A U-2 flight in late August photographed a new series of SAM sites being constructed, but on September 4 Kennedy told Congress that there were no offensive missiles in Cuba. On the night of September 8, the first consignment of SS-4 MRBMs was unloaded in Havana, and a second shipload arrived on September 16. The Soviets were building nine sites — six for SS-4s and three for SS-5s with a range of 4,000 km (2,400 statute miles). The planned arsenal was forty launchers, an increase in Soviet first strike capacity of 70%.
On October 22, 1962, after reviewing newly acquired intelligence, President John F. Kennedy informed the world that the Soviet Union was building secret missile bases in Cuba, a mere 90 miles off the shores of Florida. (29) Kennedy asked for an assessment of damage incurred by a preemptive attack. (30) and decided on demanding that Russian Premier Nikita Khrushchev to remove all the missile bases and their deadly contents and ordered a naval quarantine (blockade) of Cuba in order to prevent Russian ships from bringing additional missiles and construction materials to the island. (31)
John F. Kennedy was afraid that Premier Khrushchev would authorize his Soviet field commanders in Cuba to launch their tactical nuclear weapons, if invaded by U.S. forces. In hindsight it turned out that Krushchev was bluffing and Trotsnik send an order to Pavlov prohibiting the usage of nuclear weapons without approval from Krushchev. (32). Also Kennedy met with Paul Nitze to make sure that noboby could fire nuclear weapons without approval from Kennedy. (33) During the tension of the next days the United States carried out 3 Nuclear Tests and the Soviet Union carried out 2 Nuclear Tests as well (34).
Kennedy and Khrushchev start to write letters back and forth in an attempt to settle the dispute by diplomatic means. (35). These negotiations are successful. Khrushchev concedes to Kennedy's demands by ordering all Soviet supply ships away from Cuban waters and agreeing to remove the missiles from Cuba's mainland.
After several days of teetering on the brink of nuclear holocaust, the world breathed a sigh of relief.
In exchange for Khrushchev's commitment to remove the missiles from Cuba, a Hot Line between Kruschchev and John F. Kennedy gets established. Kennedy agreed not to invade Cuba and three months after the Cuban Missile Crisis the United States secretly removed all its nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy
On January 21, 1963 John F. Kennedy gives the signal for secret negotiations to end Vietnam. At the urging of Nehru, Galbraith meets with the Polish foreign minister, Adam Rapacki, in New Delhi on Jan. 21, 1963, where Galbraith expressed Kennedy's likely interest in a Polish proposal for a cease-fire and new elections in South Vietnam. Galbraith wrote in his memoirs that it was not followed up. (36)
On March 4, 1963 John F. Kennedy began pursuing a secret dialogue toward an actual rapprochement with Fidel Castro. To a policy built upon "overt and covert nastiness," as Top Secret White House memoranda characterized U.S. operations against Cuba, was added "the sweet approach," meaning the possibility of "quietly enticing Castro over to us." National Security Council officials referred to this multitrack policy as "simil-opting"--the use of disparate methods toward the goal of moving Cuba out of the Soviet orbit. (37)
On August 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty was signed between the Soviet Union and the United States prohibiting the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.
Vietnam
When Kennedy became President he was given conflicting advice on Vietnam. Some, like President Charles De Gaulle of France, warned him that if he was not careful, Vietnam would trap the United States in "a bottomless military and political swamp." However, most of his advisers argued that with a fairly small increase in military aid, the United States could prevent a NLF victory in South Vietnam.
Kennedy agreed and in 1961 he arranged for the South Vietnamese to receive the money necessary to increase the size of their army from 150,000 to 170,000. He also agreed to send another 100 military advisers to Vietnam to help train the South Vietnamese army. As this decision broke the terms of the Geneva Accords, it was kept from the American public. (38)
Gradually the number of advisers was increased to 16,700, however many in the military-industrial complex were unhappy with the developments in Cuba and feared that Kennedy would show the same "lack of resolve" with regard to Vietnam and considered the current number of advisors too little.
At this time, the group proposing escalation in Vietnam (as well as preparing the assassination of President Diem) had a heavy Brown Brothers, Harriman / Skull and Bones overtone: the hawks of 1961-63 were W. Averell Harriman, McGeorge Bundy, William Bundy, Henry Cabot Lodge, and some key London oligarchs and theoreticians of counterinsurgency wars. And of course, George H.W. Bush during these years was calling for escalation in Vietnam and challenging John F. Kennedy to "muster the courage" to try a second invasion of Cuba. (39)
Their fear about John F. Kennedy wanting to stop the escalating the Vietnam War and withdrawing troops soon came true. John F. Kennedy issued National Security Action Memorandum 263:
At a meeting on October 5, 1963, the President considered the recommendations contained in the report of Secretary McNamara and General Taylor on their mission to South Vietnam.
The President approved the military recommendations contained in Section I B (1-3) of the report, but directed that no formal announcement be made of the implementation of plans to withdraw 1,000 U.S. military personnel by the end of 1963.
After discussion of the remaining recommendations of the report, the President approved the instruction to Ambassador Lodge which is set forth in State Department telegram No. 534 to Saigon. (40)
Kennedy was also attempting some secret negotiations which were still unsuccessful at the time and not followed through, but the Cuban Missiles Crisis had started an era of diplomacy over military strength.
Kennedy, as shown by his American University speech of 1963, was also interested in seeking a more stable path of war avoidance with the Soviets, using the U.S. military superiority demonstrated to convince Moscow to accept a policy of world peace through economic development. Kennedy was interested in the possibilities of anti-missile strategic defense to put an end to that nightmare of "Mutually Assured Destruction" which appealed to Henry Kissinger, a disgruntled former employee of the Kennedy administration whom the president had denounced as a madman. (41)
Military Industrial Complex
The military-industrial complex is generally defined as a "coalition consisting of the military and industrialists who profit by manufacturing arms and selling them to the government." (42)
During the Roosevelt, Truman and Eisenhower administrations the Military Industrial Complex was able to move to the center of power and have control of the decision making. Not only was the Military Industrial Complex severely unhappy about the lack of resolve and half-hearted attempts at rooting out communism a second term would mean a severe restriction of to their autonomy and ability to make the real decisions in the world.
Intelligence Community
If re-elected to a second term, Kennedy was likely to have re-asserted Presidential control over the intelligence community. There is good reason to believe that Kennedy would have ousted J. Edgar Hoover from his self-appointed life tenure at the FBI, subjecting that agency to Presidential control for the first time in many years. (43)
Texas Oil
The most prolific oil reserves in the United States were not discovered until October, 1930. The first small company to find oil in East Texas was Deep Rock Oil Company. The first investor to take advantage of the discovery was Haroldson L. Hunt. He bought 5,000 acres of leases and an eighty-acre tract for $1,335,000. Hunt soon owned 500 wells in East Texas.
Texas oil millionaires fought hard to maintain its tax concessions. The most important of these was the oil depletion allowance. It was first introduced in 1913 and allowed producers to use the depletion allowed to deduct just 5 per cent of their income and the deduction was limited to the original cost of their property. However, in 1926 the depletion allowance was increased to 27.5 per cent.
In 1955 Lyndon Johnson became majority leader of the Senate. Lyndon Johnson and Richard Russell now had complete control over all the important Senate committees. This was proving to be an expensive business. The money used to bribe these politicians came from Russell’s network of businessmen. These were men usually involved in the oil and armaments industries.
As the historian, Robert A. Caro:
"The Texans were elected on December 7, 1931, not only to the Speakership of the House but to the chairmanship of five of its most influential committees, Lyndon Johnson's first day in the Capitol was the day Texas came to power in it - a power that the state was to hold, with only the briefest interruptions, for more than thirty years." (44)
In 1956 Senators called for an investigation into the lobbying of the oil industry by Thomas Hennings. Lyndon Johnson was unwilling to allow a senator not under his control to look into the matter. Instead he set up a select committee chaired by Walter F. George of Georgia, a member of the Southern Caucus. Johnson had again exposed himself as being in the pay of the oil industry. (45)
The Texas Oil billionairs like H.L. Hunt, Clint Murchison became among the richest people of the United States, but their power wasn't limited to just money. They extended their influence into politics and the CIA and were active in Christian right-wing propaganda. People like George H.W. Bush, Robert Mosbacher, James A. Baker III were called the Texans by Richard Nixon and combined their oil fortunes with overt and covert politics.
President Kennedy became concerned about people like H.L. Hunt who used tax exemptions to spread right-wing propaganda. In 1963 Kennedy talked about plans to submit to Congress a tax reform plan designed to produce about $185,000,000 in additional revenues by changes in the favourable tax treatment until then accorded the gas-oil industry. (46)
In 1963 Kennedy was also talking about bringing an end to the oil depletion allowance (27.5 percent). The oil depleation allowance was highly profitable tax dodge for oil companies. (47)
Another person in the circle of Texas Oil was George De Mohrenschildt. In 1939 he went to work for Humble Oil, a company founded by Prescott Bush. In 1957, de Mohrenschildt was approved by the CIA Office of Security to be hired as a US government geologist for a mission to Yugoslavia. (48)
In October, 1962 De Mohrenschildt became friends with Lee Harvey Oswald in Fort Worth. He suggested that Oswald should move to Dallas. In February, 1963 he introduced Marina Oswald and Lee Harvey Oswald to Ruth Paine. (49). The very day the Committee tried to contact de Mohrenschildt about testifying about the JFK assassination, he was found dead of a gun shot wound. His personal address book was found and it contained the entry "Bush, George H. W. (Poppy) 1412 W. Ohio also Zapata Petroleum Midland." (50)
Permindex
In 1962, French president Charles de Gaulle publicly accused Centro Mondiale Commerciale (the Italian branch of Permindex) of channeling money to OAS (Secret Army Organization), which made several attempts on de Gaulle’s life for liberating Algeria.
Permindex was funding 5 organizations in the US:
1) The Czarist Russian, Eastern European and Middle East exile organization called Solidarists connected to Lyndon Johnson
2) American Council of Churches, an H.L. Hunt organization
3) Free Cuba Committee - Carlos Prio Soccaras (Cuban ex-president). Among the members were Clay Shaw and Lee Harvey Oswald
4) "The Syndicate" - Clifford Jones and Bobby Baker working with Joe Bonanno Mafia family;
5) NASA's Security Division - Werner Von Braun, headquarters in Redstone Arsenal in Muscle Shoals, Alabama and on East Broad Street in Columbus, Ohio. (51)
According to William Torbitt they were run by the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover with agents included Clay Shaw, Guy Bannister, David Ferrie, Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby and others, but I'm sceptical about that part, because it's based on the Jim Garrison story
Interesting about Permindex is that it is funded by H.L. Hunt, Clint Murchison, John De Menil, John Connally, Haliburton Oil Co., Senator Robert Kerr, George and Herman Brown of Brown & Root (merged with Haliburton), Intercontinental Hotel Corp and more. (52)
Organized Crime
In September 1960, Allen W. Dulles, the director of the CIA, initiated talks with two leading figures of the Mafia, Johnny Roselli and Sam Giancana. (53)
The reason for the mafia-CIA relation probably starts when the Cubans start drug trafficking. It turns out that drugs make for a wonderful additional budget. Later it will become the main budget for black operations. The CIA-drugs link was discovered during the Iran-Contra, but sadly the Corporate media didn't take much notice of it.
With the drug trade came the mafia and it seems like nobody was really concerned, because an additional bonus was that the mafia could be used for the dirty work as well and couldn't be traced back to the CIA. Also the biographies of most of Cuban exiles look a lot like mobsters biographies. And the US Presidents Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush have a profile which makes most mob bosses jealous.
The CIA-drug problem is probably the main reason why drugs are illegal, because if they become legal than there will be a budget crisis for black operations. (54)
John F. Kennedy and Robert Kennedy worked closely together on a wide variety of issues including the attempt to tackle organized crime. In March 1961, the Attorney General took steps to have Marcello deported to Guatemala (the country Marcello had falsely listed as his birthplace). On 4th April, Marcello was arrested by the authorities and taken forcibly removed to Guatemala. (55)
Carlos Marcello had links with H.L. Hunt, the Texan oil billionaire, through Jim Brading.
November 1st, 1963 - Ngo Dinh Diem assassination
United States came and started supporting a man called Ngo Dinh Diem, who turned out to be one of the most ruthless dictators in the history of the world. Who set out to silence all opposition. People were brutally murdered because they spoke out against the brutal policies of Diem. (56)
The U.S hoped that Diem could be the charismatic equivalent of Ho Chi Minh. but Diem showed to be unsuited to role the U.S. had written for him, the opinions of these strategists began to change in the 1960s. U.S. planners complained, claiming to be annoyed that Diem had not implemented land reforms to compete with the highly popular Communist program, and further claimed that the nepotism and corruption in his government was hurting the Southern cause. (57)
Having served as ambassador to Moscow and governor of New York, W. Averell Harriman was in the middle of a long public career. In 1960, President Kennedy appointed him ambassador-at-large. By 1963, according to Corson, Harriman was running "Vietnam without consulting the president or the Attorney General." (58)
Shortly after Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. and Admiral Felt had called on Diem on November 1, the generals made their move, culminating a summer and fall of complex intrigue. The coup was led by General Minh, the most respected of the senior generals, together with Generals Don, Kim and Khiem. They convoked a meeting of all but a few senior officers at JGS headquarters at noon on the day of the coup, announced their plans and got the support of their compatriots.
The coup itself was executed with skill and swiftness. They had devoted special attention to ensuring that the major potentially loyal forces were isolated and their leaders neutralized at the outset of the operation. By the late afternoon of November 1, only the palace guard remained to defend the two brothers.
At 4:30 p.m., Diem called Lodge to ask where the U.S. stood. Lodge was noncommital and confined himself to concern for Diem's physical safety. The conversation ended inconclusively. The generals made repeated calls to the palace offering the brothers safe conduct out of the country if they surrendered, but the two held out hope until the very end.
Sometime that evening they secretly slipped out of the palace through an underground escape passage and went to a hide-away in Cholon. There they were captured the following morning after their whereabouts was learned when the palace fell. Shortly the two brothers were murdered in the back of an armored personnel carrier en route to JGS headquarters. (59)
With Diem gone, the American could start to escalate the Vietnam War. There was only one obstacle left...
Enemy summary
The Kennedys were making big changes - and powerful enemies in the process...
Let's summarize the powers which were working against John F. Kennedy:
The CIA. Under the direction of Allen W. Dulles they managed to become one of the most powerful government agencies. During the Kennedy administration attempts were made to limit their power. The most powerful characters in this group are:
James Jesus Angleton
George H.W. Bush
Allen W. Dulles
William Harvey
Robert Maheu also working for Howard Hughes
John McCone
Theodore Shackley
David Sanchez Morales
John Simkin speculation:
Morales was put in charge of the assassination. He employed people he had been working with in Miami to undermine the government of Cuba. This included figures in the anti-Castro Cuban community. It also involved American military advisers to groups like Alpha 66. The Cubans believed that the reason for this plot was that after the assassination of JFK, LBJ would order the invasion of Cuba. In fact, this was never the objective. It was part of the overall conspiracy to keep Castro in power. The presence of a communist state so close to the United States helped to reinforce the communist threat and the need for massive arms spending. (60)
Wim Dankbaar speculation:
David Morales planned the assassination. He was a CIA agent but this was not a CIA operation. Morales in turn recruited men who had worked for the Mafia (Herminio Diaz Garcia, John Martino) but it was not a Mafia operation. He also employed members of the anti-Castro Cuban community (Antonio Veciana, Eladio del Valle) but it was not a Alpha 66 operation. Although we can speculate, we will never know the name of the organization behind the assassination. Morales was the cut-out. Once he died in 1978 this became impossible to know. (61)
The Cuban-exiles. Their objective of reconquering Cuba had been permantly delayed. In the meantime they managed to get a stronghold within the CIA. The most powerful characters in this group are:
Luis Posada Carriles
E. Howard Hunt
Rolando Martinez
Felix Rodriguez
Frank Sturgis
Chi Chi Quintero
The FBI in the person of J. Edgar Hoover who build a huge organization for himself, but Robert Kennedy wanted to move the FBI under presidential control. The most powerful characters in this group are:
J. Edgar Hoover
Clyde Tolson
The Mafia. They had a lot of business interests in Cuba and managed to get a stronghold within the CIA and Lyndon B. Johnson. But Robert Kennedy was working against them. The most powerful characters in this group are:
Sam Giancana
Carlos Marcello
John Martino
John Roselli
Santos Trafficante
Texas Oil. They had become very powerful, but during the Kennedy administration attempt were made to chip away their powerbase. The most powerful characters in this group are:
George H.W. Bush
Haroldson L. Hunt
George De Mohrenschildt
Clint Murchison
Richard Russell, Jr.
US Officials. A group within the Kennedy administration considered Kennedy a weak president who did not cater to the ideas of military intervention and gave too much away in his negotiations with the Russian and Cubans. The most powerful characters in this groups are:
McGeorge Bundy
William Bundy
W. Averell Harriman
Lyndon B. Johnson
Henry Cabot Lodge
Richard Nixon (He was put in charge of Operation 40 and even though he was a Republican and not part of the government he already was quite influential)
The main character in this whole group is Lyndon B. Johnson who had his finger in most of the above. Let's take a closer look at Johnson.
Lyndon B. Johnson and the Bobby Baker scandal
Bobby Baker was Johnson's secretary and political adviser. In the early 1950s Baker had also been involved in helping that Intercontinental Hotels Corporation establishing casinos in the Dominican Republic. He continued to do business with mobsters Levison, Giancana and Ben Siegelbaum (an associate of Jimmy Hoffa) in the Dominican Republic. Baker argued that Dominican Republic could be a Mafia replacement for Cuba. However, these plans came to an end when the military dictator, Rafael Trujillo, was murdered on the orders of the CIA.
Bobby Baker was investigated by Attorney General Robert Kennedy. He discovered Baker had links to Clint Murchison and several Mafia bosses. Evidence also emerged that Lyndon B. Johnson was also involved in political corruption. This included the award of a $7 billion contract for a fighter plane, the TFX, to General Dynamics, a company based in Texas. On 7th October, 1963, Baker was forced to leave his job. Soon afterwards, Fred Korth, the Navy Secretary, was also forced to resign because of the TFX contract.(62)
According to Joachim Joesten: (63)
The Baker scandal then is truly the hidden key to the assassination, or more exact, the timing of the Baker affair crystallized the more or less vague plans to eliminate Kennedy which had already been in existence… The threat of complete exposure which faced Johnson in the Baker scandal provided that final impulse he was forced to give the go-ahead signal to the plotters who had long been waiting for the right opportunity. (64)
Lyndon B. Johnson and the Billie Sol Estes scandal
Billie Sol Estes started up a company providing irrigation pumps that used cheap natural gas. Estes's business encountered problems when the Department of Agriculture began to control the production of cotton. In 1958 Estes made contact with Lyndon B. Johnson. Over the next couple of years Estes ran a vast scam getting federal agricultural subsidies. According to Estes he obtained $21 million a year for "growing" and "storing" non-existent crops of cotton. (65)
On June 3, 1961, Estes' contact at the Department of Agriculture, Henry Marshall, was found dead as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning from a hose attached to the exhaust pipe of his car. The death was ruled a suicide, but rumours circulated that Marshall had been killed because he was aware of Estes' scam. On April 4, 1962 Estes' accountant, George Krutilek, was also found dead from carbon monoxide poisoning. Krutilek had been questioned by the FBI about Estes the day before. (66)
On 4th April, 1962, George Krutilek, Estes chief accountant, was found dead. Despite a severe bruise on Krutilek's head, the coroner decided that he had also committed suicide. (67)
On April 5, 1962, Estes and several business associates were indicted by a federal grand jury on 57 counts of fraud. Two of them, Harold Orr and Coleman Wade, died before the case came to trial in October. Estes was found guilty of fraud and sentenced to eight years in prison. He was eventually found guilty of additional federal charges and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. As a result of the scandal, president John F. Kennedy began considering dropping Johnson as his running mate in the 1964 election. (68)
On 24th June, 1962, Senator John McClellan of Arkansas announced that his Permanent Investigations Committee would be looking into the activities of Estes. On 27th July one witness testified that Lyndon B. Johnson was getting a rake-off from the federal agricultural subsidies that Estes had been obtaining. Estes trial began in October 1962. John Cofer, who was also Lyndon Johnson's lawyer, refused to put Estes on the witness stand. Estes was found guilty of fraud and sentenced to eight years in prison. Federal proceedings against Estes began in March 1963. He was eventually charged with fraud regarding mortgages of more that $24 million. Estes was found guilty and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. (69)
The History Channel had to apologize for the documentary that blamed LBJ for JFK's Murder (70)
The History Channel observed the fortieth anniversary of John F. Kennedy's assassination with a series of films, The Men who Killed Kennedy. The most widely-viewed hour, The Guilty Men, cast Lyndon Baines Johnson in a starring role for ordering the assassination. (The film partially is based on the Billie Sol Estes testimony).
LBJ's family and friends heatedly protested the program. Finally, after former President Gerald Ford weighed in with his objections. The History Channel has made a start in the right direction as it has totally disavowed the program and publicly promised it never will be shown again. (71)
Lyndon B. Johnson Vice Presidential ticket for 1964
Vice President Lyndon Johnson was supported both by Texas oil interest and Carlos Marcello. In addition, he had been involved in criminal enterprises with the likes of Billie Sol Estes and Bobby Baker - scandals which the Kennedys (JFK, RFK) were using to force him off the 1964 presidential ticket.
W. Penn Jones (72) claimed that in 1963 Kennedy decided that Johnson was to be replaced by George Smathers (73):
Bobby Baker was about the first person in Washington, DC to know that Lyndon Johnson was to be dumped as the Vice-Presidential candidate in 1964. Baker knew that President Kennedy had offered the spot on the ticket to Senator George Smathers of Florida... Baker knew because his secretary. Miss Nancy Carole Tyler, roomed with one of George Smathers' secretaries. Miss Mary Jo Kopechne had been another of Smathers' secretaries. Now both Miss Tyler and Miss Kopechne have died strangely. (74) (75)
November 21, 1963
On November 21, 1963, Jim Brading visited Hunt in his office in Dallas. Brading was arrested in the Dal-Tex building in the Dealey Plaza soon after the assassination took place, but was released soon afterwards. (76)
On November 21, 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson attended a party at the Dallas home of oil baron Clint Murchison. Also in attendance were J. Edgar Hoover, Richard Nixon, Haroldson L. Hunt, Clyde Tolson, John J. McCloy.
Johnson's mistress Madeleine Brown was there as well. Years later, she told how all the men went into a conference room to talk privately. Then when they came out...
Squeezing my hand so hard, it felt crushed from the pressure, he spoke with a grating whisper, a quiet growl, into my ear, not a love message, but one I'll always remember: "After tomorrow those goddamn Kennedys will never embarrass me again - that's no threat - that's a promise." (77)
Lyndon Johnson enters JFK’s Texas Hotel suite later in the evening, Lyndon Johnson attempted to get the seating arrangements changed. For some strange reason he wanted John Connally to be in his car and for Ralph Yarborough to go with John F. Kennedy. This was a surprising idea as this would have given extra status to his political opponent. (78) There was a fight about this and eventually the seating was left unchanged. Kennedy flatly refuses and Johnson leaves the suite "like a pistol." (79)
Lyndon Johnson and Ralph Yarborough didn't like one-another too much, even though Yarborough had been the main person writing most of the civil rights legislation during the Johnson administration. Yarborough is the acknowledged "patron saint of Texas liberals" (80) and used the slogan "Let's put the jam on the lower shelf so the little people can reach it" in his campaigns. He stood for everything which Johnson detested.
November 22, 1963
The execution of John Kennedy took place the next in Dallas in a city in the terrority of mobster Carlos Marcello, as well as under the control of oil barons Clint Murchison and H.L. Hunt.
No bodyguards for JFK
At the last moment the route taken was changed to pass the Texas School Book Depository and the Grassy Knoll. During the ride the bodyguards which were supposed to be behind and next to JFK's car were called away. One bodyguard stood in disbelieve when he received the order to go to the car with Lyndon Johnson and abandon the President. Since this was going on behind the car John Kennedy never noticed the commotion.
Senator Ralph Yarborough, riding with Lyndon Johnson in the car behind Kennedy stated that Johnson ducked before the first shot was fired. It is likely that nine shots were fired in all. The final shot came from the front...
President John F. Kennedy died at 12:30. The cover-up started right away. All scenarios are blurry since there is a massive amount of disinformation and McAdamization produced in all likelyhood by the CIA and FBI. Many important documents and evidence have been destroyed to conceal what really happened. We will never know the whole story.
Chauncey Holt was in the parking lot behind the Grassy Knoll. After the shooting took place Holt went to hide in a railroad car. He was joined by Charles Harrelson and Charles Rogers. However, soon afterwards, Dallas police officers entered the railroad car and arrested all three men. The three men along with Jim Brading (Eugene Hale Brading) were interviewed by Gordon Shanklin of the FBI and then released. (81)
There were people on the South Grassy Knoll. There are indications that E. Howard Hunt, Frank Sturgis, Tosh Plumlee, Sergio Arcacha Smith were there as well. According to Tosh Plumlee he and his associate Sergio were part of a CIA "abort team" (82)
At 12:43 p.m Lee Harvey Oswald’s description in connection with the murder of Patrolman J.D. Tippit was broadcast over Dallas police radio.
At approximately 1:15, 45 minutes after the shooting, J.D. Tippit stopped Lee Harvey Oswald, who fit the general description of the assassin. Tippit called to Oswald from the car. They spoke briefly, then Tippit got out of the car. Tippit was shot with a .38 and was killed instantly. 13 witnesses identified Lee Harvey Oswald as either the shooter or as fleeing the scene. (83)
On 1:45 p.m. George H.W. Bush set up an alibi by calling the FBI saying that he heard that James Parrott was plotting to assassinate John F. Kennedy and that he was on his way to Dallas (See also: George H.W. Bush JFK assassination letter). There is a picture of the Texas School Book Depository with a person looking like George H.W. Bush standing in the background while the Dallas Police is sealing off the building. (84)
Lyndon Johnson makes a wink to Congressman Albert Thomas who is winking back. (85) The coup d'etat of the US Government was a fact now. Lyndon Johnson will be 36th President of the United States.
Johnson was sworn-in as President on Air Force One in Dallas at Love Field Airport after the assassination of President Kennedy on November 22, 1963. He was sworn in by federal judge Sarah T. Hughes, a very close friend of his family, making him the first president sworn in by a woman.
A President of the United States has been killed. Somehow Lyndon Johnson doesn't think it is a security thread.
There is not a single record of Johnson’s attempting to contact the National Command Center, the White House Situation Room, the Joint Chiefs, the Secretary of Defense or asking about the location of the officer with the missile launch codes. Despite his initial remark, Johnson did not make a single call or contact that would indicate he was worried about a Communist conspiracy or national security. (86)
The number of people involved was extensive and one of the greatest mysteries. In the planning and execution we are probably talking about 30-40 people and many more in the cover-up operation. Even though most only knew a part, there are probably close to 20 people who knew most of the grand plan. Most of them are no longer alive. George H.W. Bush is still alive and mostlikely one of those people.
Aftermath - Oswald did it
We get an insight into the investigation by the recorded conversation (87) that took place between Johnson and Hoover on 23rd November, 1963:
J. Edgar Hoover: I just wanted to let you know of a development which I think is very important in connection with this case - this man in Dallas (Lee Harvey Oswald). We, of course, charged him with the murder of the President. The evidence that they have at the present time is not very, very strong. We have just discovered the place where the gun was purchased and the shipment of the gun from Chicago to Dallas, to a post office box in Dallas, to a man - no, to a woman by the name of "A. Hidell."... We had it flown up last night, and our laboratory here is making an examination of it.
Lyndon B. Johnson: Yes, I told the Secret Service to see that that got taken care of.
J. Edgar Hoover: That's right. We have the gun and we have the bullet. There was only one full bullet that was found. That was on the stretcher that the President was on. It apparently had fallen out when they massaged his heart, and we have that one. We have what we call slivers, which are not very valuable in the identification. As soon as we finish the testing of the gun for fingerprints ... we will then be able to test the one bullet we have with the gun. But the important thing is that this gun was bought in Chicago on a money order. Cost twenty-one dollars, and it seems almost impossible to think that for twenty-one dollars you could kill the President of the United States.
Lyndon B. Johnson: Now, who is A. Hidell?
J. Edgar Hoover: A. Hidell is an alias that this man has used on other occasions, and according to the information we have from the house in which he was living - his mother - he kept a rifle like this wrapped up in a blanket which he kept in the house. On the morning that this incident occurred down there - yesterday - the man who drove him to the building where they work, the building from where the shots came, said that he had a package wrapped up in paper... But the important thing at the time is that the location of the purchase of the gun by a money order apparently to the Klein Gun Company in Chicago - we were able to establish that last night.
Lyndon B. Johnson: Have you established any more about the visit to the Soviet embassy in Mexico in September?
J. Edgar Hoover: No, that's one angle that's very confusing, for this reason - we have up here the tape and the photograph of the man who was at the Soviet embassy, using Oswald's name. That picture and the tape do not correspond to this man's voice, nor to his appearance. In other words, it appears that there is a second person who was at the Soviet embassy down there. We do have a copy of a letter which was written by Oswald to the Soviet embassy here in Washington, inquiring as well as complaining about the harassment of his wife and the questioning of his wife by the FBI. Now, of course, that letter information - we process all mail that goes to the Soviet embassy. It's a very secret operation. No mail is delivered to the embassy without being examined and opened by us, so that we know what they receive... The case, as it stands now, isn't strong enough to be able to get a conviction... Now if we can identify this man who was at the... Soviet embassy in Mexico City... This man Oswald has still denied everything. He doesn't know anything about anything, but the gun thing, of course, is a definite trend.
Lyndon B. Johnson: It definitely established that he - the same gun killed the policeman?
J. Edgar Hoover: That is an entirely different gun. We also have that gun...
Lyndon B. Johnson: You think he might have two ?
J. Edgar Hoover: Yes, yes, he had two guns... The one that killed the President was found on the sixth floor in the building from which it had been fired. I think that the bullets were fired from the fifth floor, and the three shells that were found were found on the fifth floor. But he apparently went upstairs to have fired the gun and throw the gun away and then went out. He went down to this theater. There at the theater was where he had the gun battle with the police officer.
Lyndon B. Johnson: I wonder if you will get me a little synopsis and let me have what developments come your way during the day and try to get to me before we close up for the day. (88) (89)
The public sentiment in the US was that a great sorrow came over the people. There was no outrage, so they couldn't use it to start a war even if they wanted. The people were grieving for the loss of their President. The attempt of using it against Cuba is called off. The nation was in mourning.
On November 29th, 1963 George H.W. Bush informs J. Edgar Hoover that: (90)
... in the Cuban community there is a group that might want to capitalize on the present situation and undertake an unauthorized raid on Cuba, believing that the assassination of President John F. Kennedy might herald a change in U.S. policy, which is not true.
Aftermath - The assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald
On November 24, at 11:21 am CST, after 15 hours of undocumented interrogations, while he was being transferred via car to a nearby jail, Oswald was shot and killed in the basement of the Dallas police jail, in front of live TV cameras, by Jack Ruby a Dallas nightclub owner with friends and acquaintances in the U.S. mafia and a former employee of Richard Nixon.
Aftermath - Warren Commission
The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as The Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963 by Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination of the U.S. President John F. Kennedy.
The Commission took its unofficial name—the Warren Commission—from its chairman, United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren.
Members:
Earl Warren
Earl Warren was very reluctant to be a member of the Commission, but later it was revealled that Johnson blackmailed him into accepting the post. (91)
Hale Boggs
Hale Boggs died 1972 in an airplane crash under mysterious circumstances (92)
John Sherman Cooper
Cooper objected to the magic bullet theory, saying that "there was no evidence". (93)
Allen Dulles: One of the most mysterious appointments. Allen W. Dulles was fired by John F. Kennedy in 1961 over Operation Northwoods in particular and the Cuban fiascos in general.
Gerald Ford
Gerald Ford was also the Vice President under Richard Nixon and gave Nixon a a full, free, and absolute pardon for the Watergate scandal. (94) Gerald Ford was later forced to admit the Warren Report was fictionalized
John J. McCloy
Worked for Standard Oil, Ford Foundation, Chase Manhattan Bank. Blocked the execution of Nazis (95) and later pardonned convicted Nazis including Fritz Thyssen - one of Prescott Bush's business partners (96). In 1956 McCloy attacked the suggestion made by Adlai Stevenson that there should be a nuclear test ban. Was part of the United Fruit Company together with Allen Dulles
Richard Russell, Jr.
Personal and good friend of Lyndon Johnson with many connections to Texas Oil and the Armaments industry. (97)
The commission concluded that only three bullets were fired during the assassination, and that Lee Harvey Oswald fired all three bullets from the Texas School Book Depository behind the motorcade. It noted that three empty shells were found in the sixth floor sniper's nest in the book depository, and the rifle was found (with one live bullet left in its chamber) on the sixth floor balanced unsupported on its bottom edges. (98)
Well what can you say about that except that that part of the cover-up was really pathetic. (See also: 9/11 Commission Report)
Aftermath - Vietnam War
Shortly after taking over the presidency, Lyndon Johnson began esacalating the war in Vietnam.
On 26 November 1963, McGeorge Bundy rewrote National Security Memorandum 273. Four days after the assassination Lyndon Johnson passed a memorandum which "authorized planning for specific covert operations, graduated in intensity, against the DRV (North Vietnam)" (99). The withdrawal of 1,000 troops from Vietnam as proposed in NSAM 263 were reversed and the escalation of the War in Vietnam started.
On January 1964, NSAM 288 was signed and reaffirms the commitment and explains in more definitive terms that the United States must become personally involved in order to keep South Vietnam from falling to communism. (100)
On August 5, 1964, American newspapers reported that North Vietnamese torpedo boats had fired on the USS Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin. Captain John J. Herrick, the task force commander in the Gulf, cabled Washington DC, to say that no such attacked had occurred - but to no avail...
Knowing well that the reports were false, Johnson immediately ordered airstrikes on North Vietnam in retaliation for an attack that never occurred...
In 1964, Lyndon Johnson won the Presidency in his own right with 61 percent of the vote and the widest popular margin in American history - more than 15,000,000 votes. (101)
On April 7, 1965 Lyndon Johnson ordered Operation Rolling Thunder (102). An operation which dropped over 1,000,000 bombs on Vietnam more than ever before in the history of mankind. The US military also started using napalm.
“Napalm is the most terrible pain you can imagine,” said Kim Phuc, known from a famous Vietnam War photograph. “Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Napalm generates temperatures of 800 to 1,200 degrees Celsius.” (103)
Lyndon Johnson was partially responsible for the death of 1 US President, approx. 60,000 US citizens and approx. 1,700,000 Vietnamese citizens. (104)
Lyndon Johnson was never held reponsible for any of his scandals, assassination of a US President, crimes against humanity and starting an illegal war under false pretences (See also: George W. Bush) and died at his ranch of a heart attack in Texas on January 22nd, 1973. Texas declared August 27 Lyndon Baines Johnson Day, a legal state holiday to honor Lyndon Johnson. (105)
Sources and notes:
1. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKoperation40.htm
2. http://www.cuba-junky.com/cuba/pigs-bay.html
3. http://www.orwelltoday.com/jfkcubabaypigs.shtml
4. http://www.urrib2000.narod.ru/ArticGiron2.html
5. http://www.american-buddha.com/invisiblegov.3.htm
6. http://www.sumeria.net/politics/kennedy.html
7. http://www.internetpirate.com/barbaraj.htm
8. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/EJR.htm
9. E. Howard Hunt, Give Us This Day (New Rochelle: Arlington House, 1973), p. 214.
10. Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960-63 (New York: Edward Burlingame Books, 1991), p. 89.
11. http://www.cuba-junky.com/cuba/pigs-bay.html
12. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB29/
13. Theodore Sorenson, Kennedy (New York: Bantam, 1966), p. 329.
14. http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=BushCh08-2&Entity=HarrimanWA
15. Georgie Anne Geyer, Guerilla Prince (Boston: Little, Brown, 1991).
16. http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=BushCh08-2&Entity=HarrimanWA
17. E. Howard Hunt, Give Us This Day, pp. 13-14.
18. http://members.austarmetro.com.au/~hubbca/operation_mongoose.htm
19. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmongoose.htm
20. See also $13 million (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmongoose.htm) There are contradictory statements about the budget for JM WAVE.
21. http://members.aol.com/bblum6/cuba.htm
22. Richard D. Mahoney, Sons and Brothers.
23. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKzrrifle.htm
24. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKshackley.htm
25. http://www.jfk.org/Research/Cuba/Mongoose_Plots.htm
26. Warren Hinckle and William W. Turner, The Fish is Red (New York: Harper and Row, 1981), p. 112 ff.
27. http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=BushCh08-2&Entity=HarrimanWA
28. http://www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/
29. idem
30. http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewPrint&articleId=5048
31. http://www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/
32. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/621027%20Ciphered%20Telegram%20No.%2020076.pdf
33. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/baytape.htm
34. http://www.vce.com/crisis.html
35. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/docs.htm
36. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/06/06/papers_reveal_jfk_efforts_on_vietnam/?page=1
37. http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,320,00.html
38. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWvietnam.htm
39. http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=BushCh08-2&Entity=HarrimanWA
40. http://john-f-kennedy.net/nsam263.htm
41. http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=BushCh08-2&Entity=HarrimanWA
42. http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Military-industrial_complex
43. http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=BushCh08-2&Entity=HarrimanWA
44. Robert A. Caro, Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power (1982)
45. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=3681
46. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKhuntHL.htm
47. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/lofiversion/index.php/t565.html
48. http://www.the7thfire.com/bush8b.htm
49. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKdemohrenschildt.htm
50. http://www.sumeria.net/politics/cia-bush.html
51. http://www.freemasonrywatch.org/LATimes.html
52. http://www.newsmakingnews.com/archive7,24,00,7,29,00.htm
53. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmongoose.htm
54. http://www.ciadrugs.com/
55. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmarcello.htm
56. Martin Luther King, Why I oppose the war in Vietnam, Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, GA, (April 30, 1967)
57. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem
58. Joseph Trento, The Secret History of the CIA (Prima Publishing, 2001), pp. 334-335.
59. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon2/pent6.htm
60. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=1037
61. idem
62. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKbakerB.htm
63. Joachim Joesten, The Dark Side of Lyndon Baines Johnson (1968)
64. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=2310
65. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKestes.htm
66. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Sol_Estes
67. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKestes.htm
68. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Sol_Estes
69. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKestes.htm
70. http://hnn.us/articles/4504.html
71. The Men Who Killed Kennedy can be watched at: http://youtube.com/watch?v=eaWUcyjAeIk (it consists of 15 chapters)
72. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKjonesP.htm
73. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKsmathers.htm
74. W. Penn Jones Jr, Texas Midlothian Mirror (31st July, 1969)
75. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=2310
76. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKhuntHL.htm
77. idem
78. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/lofiversion/index.php/t565.html
79. Larry Hancock, Someone Would Have Talked, (2003) pages 256-57
80. http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/excoxral.html
81. http://www.jfkmurdersolved.com/lois1.htm
82. http://www.jfkmurdersolved.com/southknoll.htm
83. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Tippit
84. http://www.jfkmurdersolved.com/bush2.htm
85. http://www.jfkmurdersolved.com/ruby.htm
86. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=2310
87. While LBJ was Vice President used an Edison Voicewriter to record his telephone conversations. After he became President he began to use a Dictaphone Dictabelt. The dictating equipment used to record the conversations was attached to the telephone line. Johnson signalled to the secretary when he wanted a conversation recorded, and she pressed a switch located at her desk to activate the machine. It appears from the content and nature of the recordings that the secretaries often left the machine running and recorded many conversations inadvertently.
88. Taped telephone conversation between J. Edgar Hoover and Lyndon Baines Johnson (10.01 on 23rd November, 1963).
89. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=2310
90. http://www.ciajfk.com/home4.html
91. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKwarren.htm
92. http://www.internetpirate.com/boggs.htm
93. http://cdo.co.uk/jfk/people.php?show=john_sherman_cooper
94. http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/speeches/740060.htm
95. http://www.maebrussell.com/Mae%20Brussell%20Articles/Nazi%20Connection%20to%20JFK%20Assass.html
96. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmccloyJ.htm
97. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=3681
98. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Commission
99. http://www.history-matters.com/essays/vietnam/KennedyVietnam1971/KennedyVietnam1971.htm
100. http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
101. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson
102. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/36_l_johnson/l_johnson_foreign.html
103. http://www.advance.uconn.edu/2004/041108/04110803.htm
104. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat2.htm
105. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day |
Printer-friendly format
Email this thread to a friend
Bookmark this thread
(1000+ posts)
Send PM |
Profile |
Ignore
