http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=432CONTROVERSY IS sure to follow the report two weeks ago that drinking water throughout the country is contaminated with traces of hexavalent chromium, the cancer-causing chemical made famous by Erin Brockovich. Questions will be raised about the accuracy of the measurements, and even more about whether small amounts are dangerous. These are questions that have to be taken seriously—it’s not easy to measure very low concentrations of this material, and the toxicity of industrial chemicals is a perennial subject of contention.
But things are not always what they seem in these debates. The appearance of scientific uncertainty can be used to ward off regulation of toxic substances, so money and influence are applied to create artificial disagreement. There is by now a long history of such fabrications—as one tobacco executive famously declared, “Doubt is our product.”
On the chromium issue, environmentalists point to a 1997 Chinese study that minimized the toxicity of that chemical. After evidence emerged that consultants working for American corporations had influenced its findings, the paper was retracted by the journal where it had been published. But that was only one example of the slanting of chromium science. The story goes much farther back—and it takes an astonishing twist that leads behind the curtains of history’s center stage.
News of a connection between chromium and cancer first emerged in the 1930s. Mutual Chemical Company, the largest American producer of the metal, was concerned, but its Baltimore plant manager counseled the avoidance of controversy. Lung cancer among employees, he advised confidentially in 1938, occurred at “many times the incidence in the general public.”
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