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Related: Editorials & Other Articles, Issue Forums, Alliance Forums, Region ForumsTHE CYTOKINE STORM (Possibly millions of young, healthy people WILL DIE from COVID-19)
COVID-19 has already killed a disproportionate number of young, healthy people that have been infected with it, and it will continue to do so. Normally with influenza viruses, we are most concerned about potential fatalities among the very young, the very old, and the very weak. This viral infection is somewhat different. While the 2019 Coronavirus will prove lethal to some of the very old and some of the very weak, it is unlikely to prove deadly to the very young. So far, there have been very few deaths among persons in the 0-9 years of age range. The 20-40 range, however, is at particular risk with this kind of virus. Here's why:
UNDERSTAND THE CYTOKINE STORM
This coronavirus can trigger "Cytokine release syndrome" (a cytokine storm) in persons with particularly healthy immune systems. COVID-19 is a disease that you actually have a better chance of surviving if your immune system is slightly compromised. The 1918 flu pandemic (The Spanish Flu) killed between 50 and 100 million people, many of whom were young and healthy. Evidently, the virus triggers the body's immune system and keeps triggering it, non-stop and relentlessly, until the infected person is killed by their own, super-strong immune system. That is the essence of a cytokine storm, and it's why many young, healthy people are likely to be struck down by this disease.
In 2006, a medical study at Northwick Park Hospital in England resulted in all 6 of the volunteers given the drug TGN1412 becoming critically ill, with multiple organ failure, high fever, and a systemic inflammatory response.[19] Parexel, a company conducting trials for pharmaceutical companies, in one of its own documents, wrote about the trial and said TGN1412 could cause a cytokine stormthe dangerous reaction the men experienced.[20]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine_release_syndrome
Take a look at this graph:
Notice the spike centered on the 25-34 range. Those are our healthiest people, and this graph deals in percentages. Yes, the chances of dying are higher for persons in the 75+ range, but there are many fewer people in that age range than in the 25-34 range. The raw number of deaths is likely to be highest among those who are young and healthy if COVID-19 follows the pattern of the 1918 flu pandemic.
Even if it doesn't exactly mimic the 1918 pandemic, it is foolish to pretend that our most healthy people are unlikely to die as a result of COVID-19. The high number of deaths that occurred as a result of the 1918 pandemic seems to be related to the fact that we actively selected transmission of more virulent strains of the virus. There were millions of troops in the trenches during WWI that came down with that virus. The ones who were only a little sick (ones with the less-virulent strains) were left at the front. The ones who were very sick (ones with the most virulent strains) were sent on crowded trains into the hinterlands--to multiple hospitals across multiple countries, where these more virulent strains were quickly transmitted to the local population and ended up killing tens of millions of people.
Answer: Isolate the more virulent strains. Well over half of us are going to catch this thing. Our best hope is to catch a less-virulent strain that we survive and that will then give us some immunity to the more virulent strains, but please, young people, do not assume that you are invulnerable. We all need to be very careful.
-Laelth
Laelth
(32,017 posts)This is important information.
-Laelth
renate
(13,776 posts)Is The Lancet a good enough source for everybody?
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30628-0/fulltext
(Try as I might, I can't do anything to fix the stuff after the first parenthesis to get the link to work automatically. But cut and paste the whole line and it'll take you to the article.)
Accumulating evidence suggests that a subgroup of patients with severe COVID-19 might have a cytokine storm syndrome. We recommend identification and treatment of hyperinflammation using existing, approved therapies with proven safety profiles to address the immediate need to reduce the rising mortality.
snip
Secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) is an under-recognised, hyperinflammatory syndrome characterised by a fulminant and fatal hypercytokinaemia with multiorgan failure.
snip
As during previous pandemics (severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome), corticosteroids are not routinely recommended and might exacerbate COVID-19-associated lung injury.7 However, in hyperinflammation, immunosuppression is likely to be beneficial.
snip
All patients with severe COVID-19 should be screened for hyperinflammation using laboratory trends (eg, increasing ferritin, decreasing platelet counts, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and the HScore11 (table) to identify the subgroup of patients for whom immunosuppression could improve mortality. Therapeutic options include steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, selective cytokine blockade (eg, anakinra or tocilizumab) and JAK inhibition.
(In other words, this IS a thing, but the subset of patients with an hyperinflammatory syndrome can be identified and treated accordingly, so in this aspect, at least, we don't have to worry about a repeat of 1918.)
Laelth
(32,017 posts)-Laelth
OhNo-Really
(3,985 posts)renate
(13,776 posts)Hermit-The-Prog
(33,346 posts)or, use the link button or tag provided to make a named link:
The Lancet
Laelth
(32,017 posts)This little-understood phenomenon is thought to occur in at least several types of infections and autoimmune conditions, but it appears to be particularly relevant in outbreaks of new flu variants. Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 "Spanish flu" -- which killed more than 50 million people worldwide -- and the H1N1 "swine flu" and H5N1 "bird flu" of recent years. In these epidemics, the patients most likely to die were relatively young adults with apparently strong immune reactions to the infection -- whereas ordinary seasonal flu epidemics disproportionately affect the very young and the elderly.
For the past eight years, Rosen's and Oldstone's laboratories have collaborated in analyzing the cytokine storm and finding treatments for it. In 2011, led by Teijaro, who was then a research associate in the Oldstone Lab, the TSRI team identified endothelial cells lining blood vessels in the lungs as the central orchestrators of the cytokine storm and immune cell infiltration during H1N1 flu infection.
In a separate study, the TSRI researchers found that they could quiet this harmful reaction in flu-infected mice and ferrets by using a candidate drug compound to activate immune-damping receptors (S1P1 receptors) on the same endothelial cells. This prevented most of the usual mortality from H1N1 infection -- and did so much more effectively than the existing antiviral drug oseltamivir, although the combination of both therapies worked even better. "That was really the first demonstration that inhibiting the cytokine storm is protective," said Teijaro.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/02/140227142250.htm
-Laelth
dhill926
(16,339 posts)Laelth
(32,017 posts)This, I think, is important information. Feel free to share and repost at will.
-Laelth
DFW
(54,378 posts)The guy was apparently in the best of health. It sounds like this is EXACTLY what happened to him.
This is not something to trivialize.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)Anecdotal evidence is all that we have to work with at this time, but it is clear that COVID-19 can and does cause Cytokine Storms in the young and healthy people who are exposed to it.
Laelth
TheBlackAdder
(28,195 posts).
I got this skinny from connections, so I'm being vague on country. It's not France.
They all have coronavirus and there is a link between that and using ibuprofen, says country's leader.
.
marlakay
(11,468 posts)Of that and was going to use it till I sent her link and she got Tylenol instead.
She is healthy just was getting prepared.
smirkymonkey
(63,221 posts)Laelth
(32,017 posts)This is important information, imo. Please share and distribute at will.
-Laelth
LaelthsDaughter
(150 posts)Yall! Spread the word and please be carefull. Tell anyone, especially the young adults! I wish everyone the best.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)-Laelth
Response to Laelth (Original post)
Akacia This message was self-deleted by its author.
Quixote1818
(28,936 posts)people in that age group hadn't seen anything like that strand of the flu as kids:
octoberlib
(14,971 posts)Quixote1818
(28,936 posts)groundloop
(11,519 posts)enid602
(8,619 posts)Only adds up to 24.3%. So much for the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
cilla4progress
(24,731 posts)understand this article!
octoberlib
(14,971 posts)Laelth
(32,017 posts)This is no ordinary flu.
-Laelth
Proud Liberal Dem
(24,412 posts)Laelth
(32,017 posts)SARS-CoV-2, to be precise, but our Orangutan-in-Chief called it nothing more than an ordinary flu. That was after he called it a hoax. I am attempting to dissuade people from those notions.
Please note that I do not call SARS-CoV-2 an influenza virus in the OP. In fact, I go out of my way to say that This virus is somewhat different.
-Laelth
wnylib
(21,464 posts)the flu, why are you suggesting that it will act like some strains of flu? None of the reliable info I have seen so far indicates a cytokine type of response. It's a "hybrid" virus.
The covid 19 symptoms do not fit a cytokine attack description. I don't see anything anywhere that supports the OP in relation to covid 19.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)SARS has been shown to be capable of causing a lethal, Cytokine Storm. The same has been shown in relation to H5N1. The same has been shown in relation to hantavirus. Even an experimental drug has been shown capable of causing a Cytokine Storm. Is it not reasonable to assume that SARS-CoV-2 can do the same?
How else do we explain the phenomenon described by DFW in post 3, above?
Ultimately, we dont know what is going to happen, here, but I prefer to err on the side of caution.
Thank you for the response.
-Laelth
wnylib
(21,464 posts)supports such a reaction and it's been around long enough now, around the world, to show up if this type of reaction was going to happen.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)The OP advises isolating the more virulent strains, unlike what happened in WWI where, it appears, transmission of more virulent strains was encouraged.
-Laelth
P.S. I have to wonder how many people actually read my OP as opposed to those who just reacted to the headline. Admittedly, the OP is long. I was trying to be very careful. Sigh.
wnylib
(21,464 posts)primarily on explaining what a cytokine storm is, which I already knew from the swine flu outbreak. The only possible connection made to a cytokine storm in the OP is the mention that it did happen with SARS. But, although the covid 19 virus has SARS RNA in its makeup, that is only part of its composition.
The demographic statistics so far do not indicate cytokine storms in young healthy people, as was the concern with swine flu. This is a viral infection, but it is not a flu infection.
Yes, it will mutate. It already has had some minor mutations that can be traced to their origins in this outbreak. Viruses mutate all the time for their own survival. We don't know what future mutations will be like or what symptoms they will produce.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)Look. I will admit that the parenthetical in the headline is inflammatory, OK, but I wanted to draw attention to this issue and to warn young people that they too are at risk in the hope that they might be more careful. I also wanted to educate people about the Cytokine Storm phenomenon. I needed an attention-grabbing headline to do that. This thread has served my purpose.
Its not like I am getting paid to expend my energy in this way. I have no ulterior motive.
I wish you well.
-Laelth
cwydro
(51,308 posts)madville
(7,410 posts)A small number people in the 40-60 age range have succumbed to this virus, and only a handful of deaths under 40. At this point this theory is just pure speculation.
Quixote1818
(28,936 posts)Laelth
(32,017 posts)... who should not die from an ordinary flu. If so, the reason is that this virus is capable of instigating a Cytokine Storm, very unlike an ordinary flu.
-Laelth
Takket
(21,568 posts)Laelth
(32,017 posts)Isnt it possible that a Cytokine Storm reaction is responsible? How else can we explain cases like the one mentioned by DFW in post #3, above?
-Laelth
obamanut2012
(26,076 posts)And, in addition, anecdotal evidence is the opposite of actual scientific data.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)Not zero, but I get your point. Here are three examples:
https://www.democraticunderground.com/?com=view_post&forum=1002&pid=13101811
https://www.democraticunderground.com/?com=view_post&forum=1002&pid=13097080
https://www.democraticunderground.com/?com=view_post&forum=1002&pid=13100223
-Laelth
There is lots of alarmist speculation about this virus.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)This is a global pandemic. My OP explains why this particular virus, SARS-CoV-2, may prove to be particularly dangerous to those who are young and healthy. The potential for a Cytokine Storm is the answer. The OP advises the young and healthy not to minimize the risk of this disease, and it advises them to be careful.
If thats alarmist, so be it. I consider my OP to be a reasonable public health warning and an explanation for why young and healthy people are dying from COVID-19.
-Laelth
McCamy Taylor
(19,240 posts)Laelth
(32,017 posts)If both the 1918 influenza and COVID-19 (both highly contagious airborne viruses) can both trigger Cytokine Storms in their victims, I dont see the point in splitting hairs over their official designations.
Theyre similar enough in my book.
-Laelth
Claritie Pixie
(2,199 posts)So tired of people conflating influenza with coronavirus.
Different species of viruses and their behavior are not interchangeable.
Your OP is full of conjecture with no clinical evidence to back it up.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)Never in the OP do I say that SARS-CoV-2 IS influenza. In fact, I go out of my way to say that This virus is somewhat different.
I do appreciate your input, however. Thank you.
-Laelth
The_jackalope
(1,660 posts)Different strains? Different population responses? Who knows? But it shows.
The_jackalope
(1,660 posts)Let us assume every country is equally capable of counting the numerator of the CFR, the fatalities due to COVID-19, and will report them accurately; an assumption that is tolerable if we focus on non-authoritarian high-income countries. What do we then need to know about the denominator, the confirmed cases? The strongest predictors of fatality due to COVID-19 are age and pre-existing conditions of the infected. The number of pre-existing conditions is positively correlated with age, so let us for simplicity only look at the age of the confirmed cases. Clearly, because age is so predictive of death by COVID-19, comparing the case fatality rates across countries only makes sense if the underlying cases of coronavirus have approximately the same age across countries.
What do we know about the age of the people that have been found to be infected with the coronavirus? This information is not easy to find, but it has been popping up in reports and newspapers from the various countries over the past days. The diagrams and figures reported in the following are based on statistics reported by the Korean news agency news1 (screenshot) and the Italian daily newspaper Corriere della Sera.
Grouping the age in ten-year-intervals and comparing the percentage shares of cases that fall into each age group reveals a striking dissimilarity between South Korea (red bars) and Italy (green bars): Recently, 3% of all confirmed cases in South Korea were at least 80 years old. At about the same time, 19.1% of all confirmed cases in Italy were at least 80 years old.
This enormous difference occurred while the absolute numbers of confirmed cases overall were similar in the two countries (8,036 in Italy vs 7,134 in South Korea). Consequently, Italys healthcare and hospital system had to take care of a much higher number of infected older patients than the South Korean one patients that need more intensive care and that are simultaneously more likely to pass away.
The_jackalope
(1,660 posts)A complementary reason is that the Korean outbreak took place mainly among followers of the Shincheonji megachurch/sect in and around the city of Daegu. Possibly, many followers of this movement are of relatively young age, explaining the unusual spike of cases among the 2029-year-olds once testing intensified around this group. This might have also prevented the virus from spreading extensively among the Korean elderly so far. With regard to Italy, we do not know who spread the virus among the old population of the North but the surprisingly high number of tourists that have been diagnosed with coronavirus after returning from trips to Northern Italy suggests that the unnoticed and asymptomatic spread of the virus has probably been going on there for quite some time, building up to then ravage the elderly.
groundloop
(11,519 posts)The article you linked stated that young people in S. Korea are far more active socially, and therefore much more likely to catch the virus. It doesn't show one thread of evidence linked to who's dying from it.
The_jackalope
(1,660 posts)It actually shows who's getting tested. Lots of asymptomatic cases are missed if you only test the symptomatic ones.
OAITW r.2.0
(24,496 posts)No one is immune. I bet the 14-34 spike reflects the socialization needs of this age group. Much higher volumes of living people in this age range. Greater chance for exposure.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)-Laelth
PoindexterOglethorpe
(25,857 posts)It's an anomaly that remains unique to this day.
There is ZERO indication that young people are disproportionately getting sick or dying from this. What you've posted is a weird and completely incorrect extrapolation that makes no sense. This is not influenza. It's a different kind of virus altogether. Those who are dying are mostly older and/or with underlying health conditions.
You really should take the OP down.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)For one thing, the OP makes clear that SARS, H5N1, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and even a trial drug can cause Cytokine Storms. In no way is Cytokine release syndrome unique to the 1918 flu pandemic.
In no place in the OP do I state that SARS-CoV-2 is influenza. In fact, I say, quite literally, that This virus is somewhat different.
Either way, the post is self-admittedly speculative. Its purpose is to serve as a warning to young and healthy people that they should not minimize the risk that this virus poses. Instead, I advise them to be careful.
I have no intention of deleting the post.
-Laelth
obamanut2012
(26,076 posts)Many elderly are DUers, and many of them are very afraid. This isn't helping their fears and stress.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)-Laelth
Claritie Pixie
(2,199 posts)Laelth
(32,017 posts)I tried to write the post very carefully. I think that, if you were to read the post again, you will find few assertions that are controversial other than my statement that COVID-19 is killing a disproportionate number of young and healthy people. Theres significant anecdotal evidence in support of that assertion. Were still waiting for the clinical data to come in. The fact that COVID-19 can generate a lethal Cytokine Storm has already been documented.
-Laelth
obamanut2012
(26,076 posts)Please self delete ASAP.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)-Laelth
sarisataka
(18,654 posts)'nuff said.
PoindexterOglethorpe
(25,857 posts)number of young and healthy people. Basically, older and people with underlying health conditions are dying, not even disproportionately, but more or less in proportion to their risk. Alas. Being old, having health issues, make one more vulnerable to anything and pretty much everything.
And the cytokene storm being referenced seems very unlike what was happening in the 1918 flu epidemic.
Your posting is irresponsible.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)... have something to do with the fact that health care is being rationed? Isnt it possible that more elderly people are dying now because Italy decided to reserve its respirators for younger and healthier people?
Either way, I fail to see how I am being irresponsible. I am open to your explanation of that accusation.
-Laelth
PoindexterOglethorpe
(25,857 posts)Look at the numbers out of China. Old people there were the main ones dying. Not the young.
Italy's essential problem right now seems to be the one, the virus took off amazingly well there, and a lack of sufficient hospital beds compared at least to this country.
This chart may help.
The 1918 flu epidemic is NOT an appropriate model for this.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)More elderly people are dying as a result.
https://www.democraticunderground.com/100213148971
-Laelth
PoindexterOglethorpe
(25,857 posts)rather specifically.
And even though there are some younger people dying, it is clearly the older people and those with underlying health conditions who are dying in greater numbers and percentages.
While a shortage of ventilators is going to matter as to who gets treated, that does not change whose relative risk is greater.
Chemisse
(30,811 posts)the Covid-19 is NOT exhibiting the pattern of the 1918 influenza.
We are very fortunate that this new virus so far has mostly spared children and young people. Imagine the panic if that was not the case!
Strelnikov_
(7,772 posts)As you note, people not having to worry about their kids. It is a blessing.
obamanut2012
(26,076 posts)DU and its not factual scaremongering posts need to be deleted by the OP or mods ASAP. All you are doing is needlessly freaking people out.
cwydro
(51,308 posts)People posting this kind of nonsense, other posting half-baked rumors from Twitter, others giving medical advice.
A shame to see it here, but not surprised.
The admins used to not allow medical advice to be posted here. I wish theyd bring that rule back.
Too many gullible folks here.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)Thats the only advice that you will find in the OP.
-Laelth
cwydro
(51,308 posts)But I feel sure you know that.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)People should be scared right now. If making people scared prevents the spread of this virus and if that well-justified fear actually flattens the Coronavirus curve, I will not feel guilty about a little fearmongering. That said, I hope the OP is informative, principally, and that it explains what Cytokine release syndrome is and further explains why young and healthy people are dying from COVID-19. If my OP generates some healthy fear and induces some people to self-isolate and/or take reasonable measures to flatten the curve of this pandemic, I will sleep easy knowing that I have done what I can to alleviate the effects of this global pandemic.
Its not like I am getting paid for this. I have no ulterior motive.
-Laelth
cwydro
(51,308 posts)Ive asked you twice now.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)Advising young and healthy people not to minimize the risk of this virus and advising them to be careful is scaremongering?
I really do not understand where you are coming from. I assume your intentions are good, however. Regrettably, you seem determined NOT to extend the same courtesy to me.
Either way, I appreciate your input.
-Laelth
greenjar_01
(6,477 posts)We're seeing the worst of the worst.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)Is it possible that Italy has decided that its best to allocate its respirators to the young and not the old? Might that account for the higher mortality rates among the elderly in Italy, at least?
Were eleven days behind Italy in the progression of this pandemic, but were going to have to ration respirators here, too. My suspicion is that the rationing, here, will have more to do with the patients wealth, as opposed to age. But, we shall see what we see.
-Laelth
RealityChik
(382 posts)It doesn't seem that decisions are based on wealth OR age. More likely on survivability. Article below is only one of many:
https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-italy-doctors-tough-calls-survival/
I, too, am skeptical of only anecdotal information, especially since your links identify a few people anecdotally that just don't translate to millions, as stated in the headline. Please let the experts do the warning, based on factually substantiated science data.
If you still believe your warning is valid and you have a Twitter account, visit Trevor Bedford's Twitter feed and ask him to validate your info. He's one of Seattle's leading epidemiology/virus statisticians. He's been at the forefront of tracking the origin and progression of the COVID-19 virus since December 2019, long before COVID-19 made the news. Has been referenced in the COVID-19 news globally. If anyone would know, it would be him.
https://mobile.twitter.com/trvrb
Laelth
(32,017 posts)cwydro
(51,308 posts)We have a lot of gullible members here; really irresponsible for people to post some of the things Ive been seeing. Smh.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)I consider the information I posted above to be significant and worthy of public attention and scrutiny.
Any response regarding the anecdotal evidence that I provided you with? It is clear that COVID-19 can and does trigger a Cytokine Storm in some of its affected victims.
-Laelth
lunasun
(21,646 posts)greenjar_01
(6,477 posts)You can discuss cytokine storms responsibly with the general catastrophism.
Get a hold of yourself.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)This is a global pandemic. Do you deny that? Multiple countries have literally shut down all except essential commerce. Do you deny that? Even the United States, with the Denier-in-Chief running the show, is under a national emergency. This situation is NOT ORDINARY.
I want people to understand why young, healthy people are dying from COVID-19. Cytokine release syndrome is the best explanation. I warn the young and healthy not to minimize the potential risk of this disease, and I advise them to be careful.
Whats so awful about that?
-Laelth
greenjar_01
(6,477 posts)You've obviously convinced yourself that you're being the good person here, but you're not.
Get a hold of yourself.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)I am, in fact, convinced that I am being the good person, here. You have not yet convinced me otherwise.
-Laelth
cwydro
(51,308 posts)waiting here.
RealityChik
(382 posts)Two were one-off single case anecdotes. Link #3, the poster couldn't be bothered to search for "the name of a Harvard doctor she couldn't remember who was interviewed on MSNBC" to make sure the information she was referring to was based in scientific fact. I looked on the web, especially since you referenced an article with a headline that this CytoKine Storm was killing millions of young people! I couldn't find any facts backing this up!
While it is cautious conjecture by medical professionals in China and the US that the CytoKine Storm syndrome MAY be a contributing factor in COVID-19 deaths regardless of age, it is, at the moment, no more than an educated, untested theory. But they are working on it, especially in China. One article stated there is already treatments for CytoKine Storm.
https://www.vox.com/2020/3/12/21176783/coronavirus-covid-19-deaths-china-treatment-cytokine-storm-syndrome
cilla4progress
(24,731 posts)contraction of disease, or death?
Laelth
(32,017 posts)-Laelth
garybeck
(9,942 posts)The chance of someone with symptomatic Covid-19 dying varied by age, confirming other studies.
For those aged 15 to 44, the fatality rate was 0.5%, though it might have been as low as 0.1% or as high as 1.3%.
For people 45 to 64, the fatality rate was also 0.5%, with a possible low of 0.2% and a possible high of 1.1%.
For those over 64, it was 2.7%, with a low and high estimate of 1.5% and 4.7%.
The chance of serious illness from coronavirus infection in younger people was so low, the scientists estimate a fatality rate of zero.
https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/16/lower-coronavirus-death-rate-estimates/
marybourg
(12,631 posts)drugs to combat cytokine storm.
Laelth
(32,017 posts)Note that the OP attempts to explain why so many young people died during the 1918 pandemic. It appears that we actively selected transmission of more virulent strains of that virus. The OP suggests containing, rather than transmitting, more virulent strains. That should greatly reduce fatalities among the youngpeople who are more susceptible to Cytokine Storm reactions.
Thank you for the response.
-Laelth
amuse bouche
(3,657 posts)OnlinePoker
(5,719 posts)Crowds of late teens and 20 somethings were massive and nobody gave a shit.