Software runs the world, and there are two kinds: disposable code and durable code.

[Bernardo de La Paz]

3. There are many certifications but they apply to only a small part of software.

Usually things like transfer protocols, the seven layer stack the Internet runs on, storage protocols, language conformity, etc.

A big program like Photoshop will not be "certified" as a whole, but pieces will meet certified standards. Like it will use international standards for colour spaces, JPEG/PNG/WEBP image standards.

But properly, professionally written code will have a large test suite to pound the shit out of low level routines, and large test programs to test integration.

I'm getting the feeling that AI as used for coding these days is neglecting somewhat the testing side of things. I don't read much about that. I will have to get me a brick computer just to run AI on and check some things out, a computer separate from my own use, one just for AI work. I don't trust AIs on computers; who knows what they might get up to, like analyzing the entire drive.