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mahina

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31. Albert Einstein Institution, Gene Sharp, 198 Methods of Nonviolent Resistance

Mon Apr 23, 2012, 04:30 AM

Apr 2012

http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations103a.html

198 Methods of Nonviolent Action

These methods were compiled by Dr. Gene Sharp and first published in his 1973 book, The Politics of Nonviolent Action, Vol. 2: The Methods of Nonviolent Action. (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973). The book outlines each method and gives information about its historical use.

You may also download this list of methods.

THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION

Formal Statements
1. Public Speeches
2. Letters of opposition or support
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
4. Signed public statements
5. Declarations of indictment and intention
6. Group or mass petitions

Communications with a Wider Audience
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
10. Newspapers and journals
11. Records, radio, and television
12. Skywriting and earthwriting

Group Representations
13. Deputations
14. Mock awards
15. Group lobbying
16. Picketing
17. Mock elections

Symbolic Public Acts
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
19. Wearing of symbols
20. Prayer and worship
21. Delivering symbolic objects
22. Protest disrobings
23. Destruction of own property
24. Symbolic lights
25. Displays of portraits
26. Paint as protest
27. New signs and names
28. Symbolic sounds
29. Symbolic reclamations
30. Rude gestures

Pressures on Individuals
31. "Haunting" officials
32. Taunting officials
33. Fraternization
34. Vigils

Drama and Music
35. Humorous skits and pranks
36. Performances of plays and music
37. Singing

Processions
38. Marches
39. Parades
40. Religious processions
41. Pilgrimages
42. Motorcades

Honoring the Dead
43. Political mourning
44. Mock funerals
45. Demonstrative funerals
46. Homage at burial places

Public Assemblies
47. Assemblies of protest or support
48. Protest meetings
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
50. Teach-ins

Withdrawal and Renunciation
51. Walk-outs
52. Silence
53. Renouncing honors
54. Turning one's back

THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION

Ostracism of Persons
55. Social boycott
56. Selective social boycott
57. Lysistratic nonaction
58. Excommunication
59. Interdict

Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
60. Suspension of social and sports activities
61. Boycott of social affairs
62. Student strike
63. Social disobedience
64. Withdrawal from social institutions

Withdrawal from the Social System
65. Stay-at-home
66. Total personal noncooperation
67. "Flight" of workers
68. Sanctuary
69. Collective disappearance
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)

THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: (1) ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS

Actions by Consumers
71. Consumers' boycott
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
73. Policy of austerity
74. Rent withholding
75. Refusal to rent
76. National consumers' boycott
77. International consumers' boycott

Action by Workers and Producers
78. Workmen's boycott
79. Producers' boycott

Action by Middlemen
80. Suppliers' and handlers' boycott

Action by Owners and Management
81. Traders' boycott
82. Refusal to let or sell property
83. Lockout
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
85. Merchants' "general strike"

Action by Holders of Financial Resources
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
89. Severance of funds and credit
90. Revenue refusal
91. Refusal of a government's money

Action by Governments
92. Domestic embargo
93. Blacklisting of traders
94. International sellers' embargo
95. International buyers' embargo
96. International trade embargo

THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: (2)THE STRIKE

Symbolic Strikes
97. Protest strike
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)

Agricultural Strikes
99. Peasant strike
100. Farm Workers' strike

Strikes by Special Groups
101. Refusal of impressed labor
102. Prisoners' strike
103. Craft strike
104. Professional strike

Ordinary Industrial Strikes
105. Establishment strike
106. Industry strike
107. Sympathetic strike

Restricted Strikes
108. Detailed strike
109. Bumper strike
110. Slowdown strike
111. Working-to-rule strike
112. Reporting "sick" (sick-in)
113. Strike by resignation
114. Limited strike
115. Selective strike

Multi-Industry Strikes
116. Generalized strike
117. General strike

Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
118. Hartal
119. Economic shutdown

THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION

Rejection of Authority
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
121. Refusal of public support
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance

Citizens' Noncooperation with Government
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
124. Boycott of elections
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions

Citizens' Alternatives to Obedience
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
135. Popular nonobedience
136. Disguised disobedience
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
138. Sitdown
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
141. Civil disobedience of "illegitimate" laws

Action by Government Personnel
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
143. Blocking of lines of command and information
144. Stalling and obstruction
145. General administrative noncooperation
146. Judicial noncooperation
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
148. Mutiny

Domestic Governmental Action
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units

International Governmental Action
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
154. Severance of diplomatic relations
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
157. Expulsion from international organizations

THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION

Psychological Intervention
158. Self-exposure to the elements
159. The fast
a) Fast of moral pressure
b) Hunger strike
c) Satyagrahic fast
160. Reverse trial
161. Nonviolent harassment

Physical Intervention
162. Sit-in
163. Stand-in
164. Ride-in
165. Wade-in
166. Mill-in
167. Pray-in
168. Nonviolent raids
169. Nonviolent air raids
170. Nonviolent invasion
171. Nonviolent interjection
172. Nonviolent obstruction
173. Nonviolent occupation

Social Intervention
174. Establishing new social patterns
175. Overloading of facilities
176. Stall-in
177. Speak-in
178. Guerrilla theater
179. Alternative social institutions
180. Alternative communication system

Economic Intervention
181. Reverse strike
182. Stay-in strike
183. Nonviolent land seizure
184. Defiance of blockades
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
186. Preclusive purchasing
187. Seizure of assets
188. Dumping
189. Selective patronage
190. Alternative markets
191. Alternative transportation systems
192. Alternative economic institutions

Political Intervention
193. Overloading of administrative systems
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
195. Seeking imprisonment
196. Civil disobedience of "neutral" laws
197. Work-on without collaboration
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government

Source: Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action, Vol. 2: The Methods of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973).

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Do you believe the civil disobedience methods of Gandhi and MLK would have worked against Hitler? [View all] ZombieHorde Apr 2012 OP

No, only physical power. elleng Apr 2012 #1

Agreed Rittermeister Apr 2012 #2

No, Sir, They Would Not The Magistrate Apr 2012 #3

No. Daniel537 Apr 2012 #4

our own regime slaughters innocents & few people make peep one. HiPointDem Apr 2012 #81

Comparing our "regime" to the ones listed is cliffordu Apr 2012 #85

i didn't make any comparison. i said our own regime slaughters innocents & has all through its HiPointDem Apr 2012 #87

Exactly. We have never really cared too much about the powerful Egalitarian Thug Apr 2012 #89

unless, of course, the weak are puppies and the 'powerful' are their owners. then there will be HiPointDem Apr 2012 #91

Oh, of course, as always puppies, kittehs, and pretty blond girls are excluded... Egalitarian Thug Apr 2012 #96

no because the overwhemling majority of german christians loved hitler. he was NOT like the brits in msongs Apr 2012 #5

Are you talking about Germans themselves or the international community? RZM Apr 2012 #6

No. steve2470 Apr 2012 #7

In some respect that might have worked Joe Shlabotnik Apr 2012 #33

I think Ghandi and MLK would win chollybocker Apr 2012 #8

LOL n/t RZM Apr 2012 #19

Those in his inner circle were sadistic and ruthless. lpbk2713 Apr 2012 #9

This was a different situation. Cleita Apr 2012 #10

No. The more brutal the regime, the more brutal are the methods required to overthrow it Kaleva Apr 2012 #11

Interesting assessment RZM Apr 2012 #20

Yes, but many many people would have died. roody Apr 2012 #12

Depends on how many people participated, but under certain circumstances it could work Bjorn Against Apr 2012 #13

no JI7 Apr 2012 #14

No way, the SS would have ended them before they got started. MrSlayer Apr 2012 #15

Hitler or the people who gave him power? lunasun Apr 2012 #16

No, the protesters would have all been shot instantly. limpyhobbler Apr 2012 #17

no. marasinghe Apr 2012 #18

A few tried - White Rose Society - they were executed. leveymg Apr 2012 #21

There was a short story written Yupster Apr 2012 #22

I read that short story. lunatica Apr 2012 #42

"The Last Article", by Harry Turtledove. Johnny Rico Apr 2012 #69

I think the best approach Permanut Apr 2012 #23

Well, we know for sure civil obedience did not work. nt EFerrari Apr 2012 #24

Thank you. mahina Apr 2012 #30

No, they would not have worked Kennah Apr 2012 #25

Given that Gandhi said the Jews should have committed mass suicide.... Behind the Aegis Apr 2012 #26

Yes, I read somewhere that Ghandi said that no more would have died if we had never gone to war. jwirr Apr 2012 #64

I believe Bashar Al Assad is a great example of being shot for demonstrating peacefully. Selatius Apr 2012 #27

Who do you propose would be committing CD against Hitler? The German coalition_unwilling Apr 2012 #28

They did work against Hitler, in one case. mahina Apr 2012 #29

Not exactly accurate. The free school teachers and students, and others, jtuck004 Apr 2012 #82

I guess it depends on your definition of nonviolent resistance. mahina Apr 2012 #95

I think sometimes people become enamored of a tactic and forget the goal, which can lead to jtuck004 Apr 2012 #103

word mahina Apr 2012 #105

Albert Einstein Institution, Gene Sharp, 198 Methods of Nonviolent Resistance mahina Apr 2012 #31

It's really worth watching. DVD's are in many libraries, though not available on Netflix. mahina Apr 2012 #32

Why are you asking a stupid question you already know the answer to? UnrepentantLiberal Apr 2012 #34

Three words: The White Rose cali Apr 2012 #35

On a side note: I think MLK and Ghandi succeeded *because* of a credible threat of violence. redgreenandblue Apr 2012 #36

A leader must fear what the world thinks or that his rep will be distroyed before it can work. jwirr Apr 2012 #67

Is this a thinly veiled attempt to drum up support for another "peacekeeping invasion"? redgreenandblue Apr 2012 #37

While true in one sense, the problem with your argument is that Hitler wasnt even Hitler at first. stevenleser Apr 2012 #71

The closest thing to Hitler's Poland invasion during the last decades was the invasion of Iraq. redgreenandblue Apr 2012 #99

Since you didn't address any of my points, I won't address yours. nt stevenleser Apr 2012 #102

Do you believe that intelligent negotiations at Versailles at the end of WWI ... Jim__ Apr 2012 #38

I am with you on this one. The negotiations left Germany with nothing to fall back on. They were jwirr Apr 2012 #68

No Cirque du So-What Apr 2012 #39

It is a question of timing quaker bill Apr 2012 #40

Their method of dealing with dissent was to kill everyone, not just one or two lunatica Apr 2012 #41

Nope. Have to be a semi decent society for those tactics to work. CBGLuthier Apr 2012 #43

Yes, I do. If nobody had cooperated with Hitler closeupready Apr 2012 #44

except many people in Germany and outside of it, DID cooperate with Hitler cali Apr 2012 #45

Many Germans who cooperated did not know closeupready Apr 2012 #47

uh, so what? they all knew he was a war mongerer. they all fucking knew about the cali Apr 2012 #49

If you don't tone down your disrespect, I'm going to put you on ignore. closeupready Apr 2012 #52

LOL snooper2 Apr 2012 #63

Have you read Daniel Goldhagen's "Hitler's Willing Executioners"? If not, coalition_unwilling Apr 2012 #93

And actually, I've been to Auschwitz, and one of the closeupready Apr 2012 #46

oh please. most European Jews, by the time the death camps were in full operation cali Apr 2012 #50

Then you should write the Auschwitz museum's caretakers, closeupready Apr 2012 #51

with all due respect, what one might be told by a guide at Auschwitz cali Apr 2012 #54

I'll concede that there are likely different views. closeupready Apr 2012 #60

Cooperation might make things easier, but lack of cooperation wouldn't necessarily stop the crime 4th law of robotics Apr 2012 #78

True, but think about the numbers involved in the Holocaust. closeupready Apr 2012 #79

Negative to google degree. YellowRubberDuckie Apr 2012 #48

Or guillotined or hung with piano wire. cali Apr 2012 #56

Ghandi might agree: GeorgeGist Apr 2012 #53

Maybe, the world didn't know during the Olympic games that Germany was toxic. Peaceful ... uponit7771 Apr 2012 #55

the Nuremberg laws were passed in 1935. cali Apr 2012 #57

Hitler Was Regarded As The Champion Of Anti-Communism, Sir The Magistrate Apr 2012 #58

Who are you suggesting would have committed civil disobedience? Recursion Apr 2012 #59

Obviously, we'll never know, but boxman15 Apr 2012 #61

It depends on timing. sudopod Apr 2012 #62

excellent observation. cali Apr 2012 #66

I wonder if you are right about the 20s. ZombieHorde Apr 2012 #73

I'm afraid you're right n/t Yo_Mama Apr 2012 #65

Civil disobedience requires a free press and something like an adherence to the law 4th law of robotics Apr 2012 #70

Like many others, I think it depends on a regimes fear of world opinion and their appetite for death stevenleser Apr 2012 #72

The point of civil disobedience is not that you use it instead of an army EFerrari Apr 2012 #74

Your last sentence is exactly right. closeupready Apr 2012 #75

What civil disobedience and when? struggle4progress Apr 2012 #76

If I can flip that over, Would 'Dancing with the Stars' have worked against Ghandi? KurtNYC Apr 2012 #77

nope. hitler & gandhi's methods only work when there's a gov't that feels it needs to respond HiPointDem Apr 2012 #80

Nonviolent resistance only works when Freddie Stubbs Apr 2012 #83

I don't know, it seemed to work well enough in the final days of the old Soviet Union. LAGC Apr 2012 #106

perhaps early yes dembotoz Apr 2012 #84

No, only military disobedience. tabasco Apr 2012 #86

this comes to mind.... spanone Apr 2012 #88

It didn't. Egalitarian Thug Apr 2012 #90

Nope datasuspect Apr 2012 #92

There's an alternate history story that follows this Old Troop Apr 2012 #94

"The Last Article", by Harry Turtledove. Johnny Rico Apr 2012 #104

no arely staircase Apr 2012 #97

Non-violence/civil disobedience undergroundpanther Apr 2012 #98

What he said. lonestarnot Apr 2012 #100

Nope bermudat Apr 2012 #101

Hard to tell. Most of the population were "good Germans" when the opportunity first appeared. mmonk Apr 2012 #107