Sooner or later you come up to the issue of VOLUME. Subs, Destroyers even row boats can launch cruise missiles, but only so many (and most have less then 20).
One of the reasons the Carriers are so large is they ability to carry A LOT OF MUNITIONS. The Navy is also geared to re-supply them with munitions.
The USS Iowa, when put back into service could only carry, 32 Tomahawk Cruise Missiles and 16 Harpoon missiles. Total 50 missiles, 32 and 16 seems to be the average load, but it could vary, but the Battleships did NOT have the Aegis defense system, so limited to how many Anti-Aircraft and Anti-Submarine missiles it could carry. US Navy policy as to the Battleship was to assign a Aegis curiser or destroyer with them. The Battleship carried the Cruise missiles, the Aegis Ship all the anti-Sub and Anti-Aircraft Missiles,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)
The Ticonderoga class can carry 130 different missiles, including Tomahawks and Harpoons (It is Aegis Combat System Equipped).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticonderoga_class_cruiser
US Destroyers can carry up to 96 Missiles.
One of the problem is these missiles are pre-loaded and pre-loaded with not only Tomahawks, but Harpoon anti-Ship missiles, anti-aircraft missiles OR even anti-submarine missiles/Torpedoes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_41_Vertical_Launch_System
The Virginia Class Attack Subs can fire only 40 Tomahawk Cruse missiles,, the Older Seawolf can carry 50 (Like surface ships this number includes Anti-Ship, Anti-submarine and maybe even Anti-Air Missiles).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_class_submarine
Thus how many Cruise missiles each ship carries is an open question. Most ships will contain more anti-aircraft, anti-Submarine and Anti-ships missiles then missiles to hit land targets. Syria can take the hit of a couple of hundred cruise missiles, thus we will need a lot more then one or two Cruisers (or subs) to fire the number of missiles needed to do real damage to Syria,
The real test will be can the US delver a lot more firepower, which is best done by Jets with today's technology (Or if within 20 miles of shore, the Battleship's big gun).
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