Gorilla Glue is a "single-component polyurethane adhesive." Polyurethane consists of two chemicals that react to form a plastic when you mix them together; one of them contains a catalyst that kicks off the reaction. Gorilla Glue uses water as the catalyst, so they can sell you the two chemicals mixed together. (This is why the people who make Gorilla Glue tell you to dampen one surface.) Unfortunately for this poor dog, polyurethane foam was invented when someone accidentally got water into a batch of polyurethane...and Gorilla Glue forms a hard polyurethane foam. I'm pretty sure if you had a mold and a half-gallon of Gorilla Glue you could make a surfboard; it gets that hard. So...dog eats Gorilla Glue, Gorilla Glue reaches stomach, stomach contents kick the PUR reaction off, within an hour Fido has a plaster cast of the inside of his stomach.
(On edit: This is also why you store your Gorilla Glue bottle with the nozzle pointing straight down. If there's any moisture in the air where you live, it'll cure the top layer of the glue in the bottle. If you set the bottle on the shelf with the nozzle up, you won't be able to get the glue to come out. So...everyone who has Gorilla Glue in the house, store it in a small drinking glass with the nozzle down.)