On The Necessity of Geology

[DreamGypsy]

8. I suspect that we reason the textbook did not provide more information on continental drift...

...was more political than scientific.

Here's the article from Scientus.org, where I got the first CD graphic in my reply: http://www.scientus.org/Wegener-Continental-Drift.html. From that article:

Wegener and his Critics

Since his ideas challenged scientists in geology, geophysics, zoogeography and paleontology, it demonstrates the reactions of different communities of scientists. The reactions by the leading authorities in the different disciplines were so strong and so negative that serious discussion of the concept stopped. One noted scientist, the geologist Barry Willis, seemed to be speaking for the rest when he said:

"...further discussion of it merely encumbers the literature and befogs the mind of fellow students."

Barry Willis's and the other scientists wishes were fulfilled. Discussion did stop in the larger scientific community and students' minds were not befogged. The world had to wait until the 1960's for a wide discussion of the Continental Drift Theory to be restarted.

Why did Alfred Wegener's work produce such a reaction? He was much more diplomatic in presenting his theory than Galileo. Although he believed himself to be right and that some of his arguments were compelling, he knew he would need more support to convince others. His immediate goal was to have the concept openly discussed. Wegener did not even present Continental Drift as a proven theory. These modest goals did not spare him. The fact that his work crossed disciplines exposed him to the territoriality of scientific disciplines. The authorities in the various disciplines attacked him as an interloper that did not fully grasp their own subject. More importantly however, was that even the possibility of Continental Drift was a huge threat to the established authorities in each of the disciplines.

One can't underestimate the effect of a radical new viewpoint on those established in a discipline. The authorities in these fields are authorities because of their knowledge of the current view of their discipline. A radical new view on their discipline could be a threat to their own authority. One of Alfred Wegener's critics, the geologist R. Thomas Chamberlain, could not have summarized this threat any better :

"If we are to believe in Wegener's hypothesis we must forget everything which has been learned in the past 70 years and start all over again."

The diagram from my reply showed fossil distribution across continents. The following shows geologic matches between South America and Africa:



If those two diagrams had appeared in my earth science text book, along with other evidence and questions, the class discussion might have been more spirited and meaningful.

It's important not only to teach science, but to teach the methodology and philosophy of science: the cycle of question, observation, hypothesis, prediction, and confirmation/refutation. That's the fun part!

Thanks again, VLR.