https://biologyinsights.com/is-there-an-empathy-gene-the-genetic-links-to-compassion/
Of course, environment/upbringing has impact too, but genes are the framework individuals work with.
Are There “Empathy Genes”?
The notion of a singular “empathy gene” simplifying such a multifaceted human trait is not supported by scientific evidence. Empathy emerges from the subtle contributions of many different genes interacting in complex ways. Genetic influences involve predispositions, meaning certain genetic variations might make an individual more inclined towards empathic responses.
These genetic influences establish a foundational range for an individual’s potential empathic capacity. However, they do not determine a fixed outcome. Instead, genetic factors create a biological framework upon which life experiences build.
Key Genes Associated with Empathy
Research has identified several genes and genetic pathways associated with various aspects of empathy and prosocial behaviors. The oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) has garnered attention; oxytocin is a neuropeptide often called the “love hormone” due to its role in social bonding and trust. Variations in the OXTR gene can influence how effectively oxytocin signals are received in the brain, potentially affecting social cognition and emotional responsiveness.
The arginine vasopressin receptor 1A gene (AVPR1A) is another gene of interest. Vasopressin, like oxytocin, is a neuropeptide involved in social behaviors, including pair bonding and aggression. Differences in the AVPR1A gene have been linked to variations in social communication and altruistic behaviors. Genes involved in the serotonin system, such as the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4), have also been explored. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood and social behavior, and specific variants of SLC6A4 have been associated with differing sensitivities to social cues and emotional experiences.
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