niyad
niyad's JournalEducating Women: A History of Access, Exclusion and Backlash
(lengthy, depressing, enraging, informative)
Educating Women: A History of Access, Exclusion and Backlash
PUBLISHED 4/13/2026 by Nimisha Barton
As women fought to claim higher education—from the early republic to today—race and gender determined who was allowed in, and each gain sparked a backlash aimed at restoring the status quo.
Four African American women sit together on the steps of Atlanta University in 1900, their poised expressions and fashionable dress reflecting both the dignity and determination of a generation shaping Black intellectual and cultural life at the turn of the 20th century. (Thomas E. Askew, W.E.B. Du Bois collection / Universal History Archive via Getty Images)
This essay is part of the FEMINIST 250: Founding Feminists series, marking the 250th anniversary of America by reclaiming the revolution through the women and gender-expansive people whose ideas, labor and resistance shaped U.S. democracy. Taking the form of essays, audio, poetry and original art, historians and scholars revisit the nation’s origins to center those written out of the founding documents and reimagine what a truly inclusive democracy requires.
The war against “radical gender ideology” has been staggering.
The ascent of President Trump brought calls for the elimination of women’s and LGBTQ centers, rollbacks on Title IX protections, the exclusion of trans women from college sports and the purging of gender and sexuality studies from college curricula throughout U.S. institutions and higher education. These actions signal a massive backlash against the decades-long fight for gender equality and are inseparable from the administration’s wider assault on Civil Rights-era protections for people of color. However, this moment is nothing new. It echoes an earlier race- and gender-based backlash in U.S. history over a century ago, when white middle-class American women began to attend colleges in large numbers. Against the backdrop of Black emancipation, the mass migration of racial “undesirables” and the immense success of the feminist movement, white women’s enrollment was seen as a threat, not just to white patriarchy but to the very future of the white race.
Today’s backlash is the most recent attempt to restore the status quo—to distinguish between who is and is not entitled to higher education on the basis of race and gender and to safeguard the future of a white nation. From its earliest days, Americans looked to education to stabilize the fledgling republic. In his 1778 “Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge,” Thomas Jefferson made this connection explicit, writing, “the most effectual means of preventing [tyranny] would be, to illuminate … the minds of the people at large.”Revolutionary Benjamin Rush took it a step further, arguing in 1786 that women, too, “should be instructed in the principles of liberty and government, and the obligations of patriotism should be inculcated upon them.” In this manner, Rush articulated the 18th-century doctrine of republican motherhood, according to which American women were responsible for inculcating democratic values in their children and thus preparing future generations of citizens.
. . . .
Students gather in the anatomical lecture room at the Medical College for Women in New York City, where women claimed space in professional education despite widespread resistance. (Bettmann Archives / Getty Images)
. . . .
In response, Native groups were less interested in attending predominantly white institutions than beating back federal control over all facets of Native life, including education.
Native American girls from the Omaha tribe at Carlisle School in Pennsylvania. (Corbis via Getty Images)
. . . .
American Indian and African American students at Hampton Institute, in Hampton, Va., circa 1900. They women study the human respiratory system. Artist Frances Benjamin Johnston. (Heritage Art/Heritage Images via Getty Images)
. . . . .
Whereas an educated white woman in the eighteenth century was considered well-suited to raise future citizens, by the late nineteenth century, she was considered a threat to the future of the white race. Fears over the fate of white America pushed educators and other officials to exclude large numbers of women out of higher education and to denounce “co-education.” Then as now, racism and misogyny mutually constituted and reinforced one another in ways that limited educational opportunity for all. Not until the Civil Rights era would women advance forward in the fight for college access, when the Black Campus Movement forced white supremacy, systemic racism and other varieties of oppression onto the institutional agenda.
Group portrait of Radcliffe College Class of 1896, Harvard University. (Geography Photos / Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
In the post-Civil Rights era, gender-based exclusion in higher education appeared to be a thing of the past. Since the 1980s, more women than men attend college, though women of color attend college at lower rates than white women. They are also less likely to graduate within four years—a stark reminder of how race must be accounted for in these gendered experiences. Nonetheless, in the first quarter of the twenty-first century, women now account for over half of the nation’s college-educated labor force, making significant inroads into the highest-paying male-dominated occupations, including medicine and law. Though the gender pay gap remains, it’s narrowing in part thanks to women’s educational attainment and the struggle for gender equality that made college-going possible. In the late 1800s, a resurgence of virulent xenophobia, nativism and anti-Blackness revealed how the educational fates of all women were hopelessly intertwined. As the Trump administration works doggedly to reverse the gains of the past few decades, we would do well to remember that lesson. We must also consider the ways that white patriarchal backlash on college campuses erodes at the very foundations of our democracy, which, as our early founders first argued, requires a liberal education for all.
Explore the entire FEMINIST 250: Founding Feminists essay collection:
The main Founding Feminists page contains original art and a historical timeline and invites readers to submit original poetry.
America’s Founding Feminists: Rewriting America’s Origin Story, by Janell Hobson, professor of women’s, gender and sexuality studies at the University at Albany.
Haudenosaunee Governance: The Matrilineal Democracy That Shaped America, by Michelle Schenandoah, founder of Rematriation, a Haudenosaunee women-led nonprofit organization.
‘This Is Our Country Too!’: The Enduring Legacy of Spanish-Speaking Women in Early America, by Allyson M. Poska, professor of history emerita at the University of Mary Washington, translated by Antonia Delgado-Poust, associate professor of Spanish at the University of Mary Washington. Lea este artículo en español aquí.
Claiming the Revolution: Gender, Sexuality and the Radical Promise of 1776, by Charles Upchurch, professor of British history at Florida State University.
Reclaiming Phillis Wheatley (Peters): Imagination as a Feminist Founding Project, by Dana Elle Murphy, assistant professor of Black studies and English at Caltech.
The Radical Potential of Traditional Femininity, by Jacqueline Beatty, associate professor of history at York College of Pennsylvania.
Queer Possibilities in Revolutionary America, Jen Manion, Winkley professor of history at Amherst College.
She Wanted to Be Free: Black Women’s Revolutionary Resistance, Dr. Vanessa M. Holden, associate professor of history, director of African American and Africana studies at the University of Kentucky, and director of the Central Kentucky Slavery Initiative.
Sally Hemings and the Making of Democracy, Jessina Emmert, doctoral candidate in the Department of Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies at the University of Kansas.
The Abolitionist Origins of American Feminism, Manisha Sinha, Draper chair in American history at the University of Connecticut.
The Curious Case of Afong Moy: Asian Womanhood and National Belonging in the U.S., Anne Anlin Cheng, Louis W. Fairchild class of ’24 professor of English at Princeton University
Making Disability Visible in History: A Conversation With Rosemarie Garland-Thomson, Janell Hobson, professor of women’s, gender and sexuality studies at the University at Albany
Educating Women: A History of Access, Exclusion and Backlash, Nimisha Barton, lecturer at Cal State Long Beach and a DEI consultant in higher education
Founding Feminists, original art by Nettrice Gaskins.
https://msmagazine.com/2026/04/13/history-women-college-university-native-black-schools-segregation-civil-rights/
A Public Syllabus on Feminist Resistance Across U.S. History: Books, Films, Archives and Tools to Rethink America's Orig
This is an incredibly detailed, lengthy resource. I hope you all make good use of it in these misogynist, woman-hating times!)
A Public Syllabus on Feminist Resistance Across U.S. History: Books, Films, Archives and Tools to Rethink America’s Origins
PUBLISHED 4/16/2026 by Janell Hobson
A sweeping, multimedia guide to feminist resistance—past and present—grounding the nation’s 250th in the voices, histories and cultural work of those long excluded from its founding story.
View of a demonstrator, with an American flag over her shoulders and carrying a baby, as she smiles during a A rally in support of immigrants’ rights in Union Square Park in New York City on May 1, 2010. The protests were a response to Arizona’s law (Bill SB 1070), allowing law enforcement to check immigration status during stops, which critics feared would lead to racial profiling of Latinos and other communities. (Walter Leporati / Getty Images)
This public syllabus is a resource guide for readers of Ms.’: Founding Feminists project, part of the FEMINIST 250 project that spans from Women’s History Month to the midterm elections this November.
The multimedia syllabus curated below spans the Revolutionary era and the long afterlife of feminist resistance—from the 19th century to the present.
It includes works by series authors, books and articles, podcasts, films and television, primary-source collections, a Google Map of sites across the U.S. relevant to women’s histories, and a Spotify playlist tracing the legacy of protest music.
Many of these works center marginalized communities and are organized under the themes of Revolution, Resistance and Reclamation.
Two hundred and fifty years ago, a nation came into being … Will we remember the ‘founding feminists’ who planted these democratic seeds?
. . . . . .
https://msmagazine.com/2026/04/16/feminist-250-founding-feminists-public-syllabus/
Sudan war 'being fought on women's bodies': Survivors detail sexual assault (trigger warning)
(AND THE MISOGYNIST, PATRIARCHAL, THEOCRATIC, WOMAN-HATING, WAR ON WOMEN continues apace)
Sudan war ‘being fought on women’s bodies’: Survivors detail sexual assault (trigger warning)
In a new report, Doctors Without Borders says sexual violence is the ‘defining feature’ of the conflict in Sudan.
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Sudanese refugees are assisted in Oure Cassoni, Chad, after seeking refuge from the fighting between the Sudanese army and the RSF [File: Dan Kitwood/Getty Images]
By Al Jazeera Staff
Published On 31 Mar 202631 Mar 2026
Hanaan was 18 years old when she was raped by members of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), a paramilitary group accused of committing widespread war crimes during nearly three years of fighting against Sudan’s army. She was walking alongside a female friend to her makeshift home in an encampment for displaced people in South Darfur, when four men on motorbikes stopped them and asked where they were going. “Two took each girl, and they raped us,” she told Doctors Without Borders, an international medical NGO known by its French initials MSF. “I feel uncomfortable in my body, heavy. I don’t feel pain, apart from in my back – because they beat me, they beat me with their guns on my back,” she said. Hanaan – not her real name – shared her testimony as part of a report released by MSF on Tuesday, which details the widespread use of sexual violence as a weapon in Sudan’s ongoing brutal civil war.
The NGO said 3,396 survivors of sexual violence sought treatment in MSF-supported health facilities across North and South Darfur between January 2024 and November 2025. The data, presented in the report titled, There is Something I Want to Tell You…, was drawn from MSF programmes in just two of Sudan’s 18 states and reflects only a fraction of the crisis, while the true scale of the phenomenon remains unknown. Women and girls accounted for 97 percent of survivors treated in MSF programmes. The RSF and allied militias were found to be primarily responsible for the systematic abuse.
Children among the survivors
“Sexual violence is a defining feature of this conflict – not confined to front lines, but pervasive across communities,” Ruth Kauffman, MSF emergency health manager, said in a statement.“This war is being fought on the backs and bodies of women and girls. Displacement, collapsing community support systems, lack of access to healthcare and deep-rooted gender inequalities are allowing these abuses to continue across Sudan.”
Following the RSF’s capture of el-Fasher, the capital of North Darfur, on October 26, 2025, MSF treated more than 140 survivors fleeing to Tawila. Among them, 94 percent were attacked by armed men, with many reporting assaults along escape routes.The assaults “deliberately targeted non-Arab communities as a means of humiliation and terror, echoing previous RSF atrocities such as the dismantling of Zamzam camp”, the report said. The RSF took control of famine-hit Zamzam camp in the western Darfur region after two days of heavy shelling and gunfire in April 2025. Survivors described attacks not only during fighting, but in everyday settings, such as fields, markets and displacement camps. Children were also among the survivors. In South Darfur, one in five survivors was under 18, including 41 children younger than five, the organisation said.
MSF called on the United Nations, donors and humanitarian actors to urgently scale up health and protection services in Darfur and all of Sudan, and on all parties to the conflict to cease and prevent sexual violence and hold perpetrators accountable.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/31/sudan-war-being-fought-on-womens-bodies-survivors-detail-sexual-assault
Average of 47 women and girls killed daily during Gaza war, UN says
Average of 47 women and girls killed daily during Gaza war, UN says
(some THIRTY EIGHT THOUSAND WOMEN AND GIRLS killed between Oct 2023 and Dec 2025)
By Olivia Le Poidevin
April 17, 20265:41 AM MDTUpdated April 17, 2026
?auth=f634e9b980ce397b1c3aaafb70d9c818538a6f10145e33da64a2689fc7c1fdec&width=640&quality=80
A UN vehicle leads ambulances carrying war-wounded people and patients who leave Gaza, for treatment abroad, through the Rafah border crossing between Gaza and Egypt after it was opened by Israel on Thursday for a limited number of people, in Khan Younis in the southern Gaza Strip, March 19, 2026. REUTERS/Ramadan Abed Purchase Licensing Rights
GENEVA, April 17 (Reuters) - An average of at least 47 women and girls were killed each day during the war in Gaza, according to figures published by U.N. Women on Friday, and the agency warned that deaths have continued six months into a fragile ceasefire.
More than 38,000 women and girls were killed in Gaza between October 2023 and December 2025, according to the report by U.N. Women, an agency that focuses on gender equality. "Women and girls accounted for a proportion of deaths far higher than those observed in previous conflicts in Gaza," Sofia Calltorp, the agency's humanitarian action head, told reporters in Geneva. "They were individuals with lives and with dreams," she added.
The agency expressed concern that the killing of women and girls has continued since an October ceasefire, though it does not know exactly how many have died due to a lack of gender-aggregated data. October's ceasefire halted two years of full-scale war but left Israeli troops in control of a depopulated zone that makes up well over half of Gaza, with Hamas in power in the remaining, narrow, coastal strip.
More than 750 Palestinians have been killed since then, according to local medics, while militants have killed four Israeli soldiers. Israel and Hamas have traded blame for ceasefire violations. Israel says it aims to thwart attacks by Hamas and other militant factions.
U.N. children's agency UNICEF said on Friday that children continued to be killed and injured at an alarming rate in Gaza, with at least 214 reported dead in the last six months.
Around one million women and girls are displaced in Gaza, U.N. Women said."Extensive damage to infrastructure has made it almost impossible for women and girls in Gaza to access their basic needs like healthcare," said Calltorp. World Health Organization figures show more than 500,000 women lack access to essential services including antenatal and postnatal care and management of sexually transmitted infections.
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/average-47-women-girls-killed-daily-during-gaza-war-un-says-2026-04-17/
'The Other Roe' Film Shines a Light on Forgotten Abortion-Rights Case Doe v. Bolton
‘The Other Roe’ Film Shines a Light on Forgotten Abortion-Rights Case Doe v. Bolton
PUBLISHED 4/15/2026 by Ava Slocum
Roe v. Wade was only half the story. A new short documentary spotlights the case that made abortion rights real in practice.
Producer-director Wendy Eley Jackson (left) interviewing Donia Hames Robinson (right) for The Other Roe.
On June 24, 2026, we’ll reach the fourth anniversary of the Supreme Court’s Dobbs v. Jackson decision that overturned Roe v. Wade. This year, which would have been Roe’s 53rd anniversary, also coincides with the United States’ 250th, reminding us that while the U.S. has been independent since 1776, American women are still far from having full rights and power over our own bodies. Roe v. Wade, which passed in 1973 and stood for 49 years, gets most of the credit for establishing the national right to abortion. Many people think of Roe as the first big bookend ushering in the right to abortion in the U.S., with Dobbs as the other bookend taking that right away again.
Doe v. Bolton, Roe v. Wade’s lesser-known companion case, was argued before the Supreme Court in 1973 the same day as Roe and was equally crucial to abortion rights in the United States.
Poster for The Other Roe, designed by Art Sims.
However, Roe wasn’t the only groundbreaking case that paved the way for abortion rights in the U.S.
While Roe established the constitutional right to abortion, Doe—argued by Atlanta attorney Margie Pitts Hames—helped ensure that the right was actually accessible, by striking down restrictive Georgia rules on who could obtain an abortion and under what conditions. The Other Roe, a new short (16 minutes) documentary that debuted at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival in February, tells the story of Doe v. Bolton and how Hames argued the case and expanded women’s access to reproductive healthcare across the country at a time when few women were practicing law. Doe overturned the restrictive abortion laws in Georgia at the time (which allowed abortion only in very limited circumstances and required the procedure to be approved in writing by three physicians), giving medical professionals and facilities the authority to perform safe abortions. “A lot of people have never even heard of [Doe v. Bolton],” Donia Hames Robinson, Margie Pitt Hames’ daughter, told Ms. in a recent interview, along with Wendy Eley Jackson, The Other Roe’s director, and abortion-rights activist Ann Rose, an executive producer for the film.
“There’s a sister case, and the only folks who really know that are lawyers or judges, so we’re trying to educate them.”
Margie Pitt Hames, Ann Rose and Donia Hames Robinson in the early ’80s. (Courtesy of Ann Rose)
Even though Hames had frequent media appearances in the 1970s, Robinson, Jackson and Rose struggled to find footage of her speaking or even more general information about Doe v. Bolton while they were working on the film. They were startled to find no preserved interviews with either Hames or Sarah Weddington, the attorney who argued Roe v. Wade at just 26 years old, from January 1973, when the Supreme Court decided the two cases.
“We’re trying to raise consciousness, but we’re also trying to slowly dig into what else is being hidden,” Robinson explained. “We don’t want our side of the story—the truth, what actually happened—to be ignored. So we’re trying to let people know before it gets all erased.”
Margie Pitt Hames and Ann Rose. (Courtesy of Ann Rose)
Even in the abortion activism community, few people know about Doe. “I used to own and run abortion clinics, so I know clinic owners and people all over the country, and very few of them have heard,” Rose said. “I go to national meetings, and I say, ‘Doe is a companion case to Roe v. Wade,’ and they’re like, ‘What?’” Why did Roe v. Wade become ingrained in the public conscience while Doe v. Bolton went largely ignored? “Inside legal circles, Roe was seen as the opinion and laid out the constitutional doctrine, while Doe clarifies implementation,” Jackson said. “Scholars and courts cited Roe more often because it articulated the broader reasoning without getting into more of a micro look.” Pro-abortion and antiabortion activists alike quickly latched onto Roe as a symbol of abortion’s being made legal in the U.S., and the case provided both a tangible sign of how far the abortion-rights movement had come and a target for the antiabortion movement’s “Overturn Roe” rallying cry.
“Human memory prefers stories with one turning point, one decision and one name, and they capitalized on that,” Jackson said.
Ann Rose, Margie Pitt Hames and reproductive rights pioneer Bill Baird at the March for Women’s Lives. (Courtesy of Ann Rose)
. . . .
. . . . .
Margie Pitt Hames, Bella Abzug (founder of the National Women’s Political Caucus) and Ann Rose. (Courtesy of Ann Rose)
These days, The Other Roe is making rounds in the film festival circuit, including heading to the San Luis Obispo International Film Festival this month. “We’re trying to expand the conversation, get the younger generations really engaged, because, frankly, I don’t know how I got half my rights,” said Jackson, who said she’s frustrated that now, in 2026, her daughters don’t have the same rights she grew up with. “It’s kind of a time right now, with a lot going on, where we need to really start investigating our rights and taking them seriously, fighting for them, really understanding what they mean and the power they hold, and that our ability to live in a free society is a fragile thing. It’s important for us to understand our rights and the community that we live in so we can make the choices that we want to have to build the society that we’re looking for.”
The Other Roe’s trailer is available here () and upcoming screenings and other events are listed on the film’s website.
https://msmagazine.com/2026/04/15/the-other-roe-film-doe-v-bolton-abortion-rights-history-margie-pitts-hames/
Fewer Teen Births Is Good, Unless You're the Patriarchy
(AND THE MISOGYNIST, PATRIARCHAL, THEOCRATIC, CHRISTOFASCIST WAR ON WOMEN continues apace!)
Fewer Teen Births Is Good, Unless You’re the Patriarchy
PUBLISHED 4/17/2026 by Jennifer Weiss-Wolf
Conservatives are drilling down on distracting young women by pressuring early motherhood.
Chase Infiniti as Agnes and Lucy Halliday as Daisy in The Testaments. (Disney and Hulu / Russ Martin)
This article was originally published by The Contrarian.
How on-brand for the federal government to announce that U.S. birth rates are falling—just as The Testaments, the long-awaited sequel to The Handmaid’s Tale, dropped on Hulu last week.
In the fictional nation of Gilead, first envisioned by Margaret Atwood in her 1985 dystopian novel and expanded on screen for nearly a decade now, declining fertility catalyzed a Christian nationalist revolution in modern-day America, spawning a society rooted in patriarchal dominance and state-sanctioned violence. The Testaments, now three episodes in, is making a deliberate appeal to Gen Z and young viewers, featuring the spectacularly savvy Chase Infiniti and Lucy Halliday among Gilead’s tradwife-in-training rebels.
Doubly fascinating then, that it is the real-life status of teen birth rates in particular now driving the news. In a drop considered “extraordinary” by statisticians, the number of babies born to mothers between the ages of 15 and 19 fell by 7 percent in 2025. Translated into hard numbers, NPR reports around 126,000 babies born to mothers in that age range last year—11.7 births per 1,000 females—compared with 35 years ago, when the teen birth rate was 61.8 births per 1,000. (The rate has declined nearly every year since 1991.) Southern states, where teen pregnancy rates are highest, account for much of the recent calculus, according to The New York Times: More than 50 percent in Kentucky, and just under 50 percent in Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi.
Declining birth rates globally have been the supposed rationale for much of the Trump administration’s unabashed and self-professed pronatalist agenda. (He dubbed himself the father of IVF, the fertilization president, remember?) But unpacking the complicated, and sometimes contradictory, realities of teen pregnancy and parenting can make for a far stickier set of political talking points. Seemingly, it would be good news for both parties to quantify the success of initiatives to enable consistent contraceptive usage and improve reproductive literacy, yes? Though I certainly can’t imagine a world where conservatives would recognize the value of continued access to abortion care, were that one of the drivers.
https://cdn-ilelael.nitrocdn.com/iArqSTQyOJCAcmCEoQrhCUIOjYnkEEmQ/assets/images/optimized/rev-c4c3c2b/msmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/70979e626dd669bcacc55de3672631f0-1024x683.webp
The Testaments is Margaret Atwood’s 2019 sequel to The Handmaid’s Tale, set 15 years after the original novel. (Disney and Hulu / Russ Martin)
. . . .
A fascinating Times analysis indicates that the data shows we are indeed headed in that direction—and the most drastic shift among American women is not to forgo having babies altogether but wait longer to do so. There’s even a demographic name for it: a “postponement transition,” which is what happened in the United States in the 1970s and Europe in the 1990s. According to the article, women in their 40s are now more likely to become mothers. I have no real horse in the race about what is the “right” age to become a parent. But I know a thing or two about the influence older women are flexing in the Trump era. We have seen it play out recently in the fight back against ICE in communities, in who is opposing the SAVE America Act, in who is showing up for No Kings rallies. No wonder conservatives are now drilling down on distracting young women by pressuring early motherhood; look no further than the Heritage Foundation’s 2026 report “Saving America by Saving the Family,” which makes explicit the depravity of the call. Authoritarians know it too: When women amass our power, it hews toward more robust democracy.
https://msmagazine.com/2026/04/17/teen-birth-rates-testaments-girls-handmaids-tale-heritage-foundation/
A friend and I were discussing assaults, both sexual and otherwise,
and how best to protect oneself. Of course, we remember to SING, but what other options? I have advocated since my teens that every girl be taught martial arts from the earliest possible age. We are not going to change our misogynist, woman-hating culture any time soon, especially with the scum currently in power, so what do we do?
I remember from years ago that there was a company that sold bracelets that carried a capsule of concentrated skunk scent. I rather liked that idea, although I thought that those, and similar objects, including the mace I carried on my keyring, should include a really hideous dye.
I just went looking, and there are quite a number of companies and products out there, including skunk spray bracelets.
Do any DU'ers have experience with such products, or other ideas on how we defend ourselves in this climate of woman-hating and rage? (Holly Near's "Fight Back" is playing in my head as I type this.)
"Exposing jeffrey epstein's Sex Trafficking Empire" 60 Minutes Australia
I just ran across the video on youtube while watching the 30 minute 2018 BBC doc "trump-is the president a sex pest?" that aired just before the sexual-predator-in-chief's vulgar visit. The Australian doc features an interview with Virginia Giuffre.
DFW's post on Costa Rica reminded me, has anyone heard from Lake Arenal?
The last post was July 24 2025, and one rec several days later.
Today marks the FOURTH anniversary of putin's full scale, lllegal, unjust
war on Ukraine. His three-day "special military operation" has now entered its fifth year. And the brave people of Ukraine persist, despite putin's putrid puppet.
SMO:`1,461 days. 2014 invasion/occupation: 4,394.
SLAVA UKRAINI!!! HEROYAM SLAVA!!!
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